

Class____ 

Book __ 

GwrightN?_ 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 















LEGAL GUIDE 


A Treatise On Motor Vehicle Law, With Law and 
Technical Examination Questions and 
Answers In Text Book Form 




FOR THE CHAUFFEUR AND OWNER 




American Motor Literature Co. 

New York 








Co 2 > 


COPYRIGHT 1913 
BY 

EVERETT WARD 

ALU RIGHTS RESERVED 


v 1st Edition 
October 1, 1913 




INTRODUCTION 


The wonderful development of the Automobile business in this 
country is providing a livelihood for thousands of young men and prov¬ 
ing a means of making them financially independent. 

There is no doubt that opportunities for capable, ambitious, and 
energetic young men are greater in the motor vehicle field than in any 
other commercial industry in the world. 

The amount invested in cars alone amounts to millions of dollars 
and the yearly production of cars at present, would have seemed incredible 
a few years ago. 

All these cars sold by the various manufacturers must be taken care 
of; rules and laws must be made to control their uses on the Public High¬ 
ways, and a general motoring education is necessary for the community 
where these cars operate. 

In order to keep pace with these new laws and regulations, and to 
act as a guide in case of legal complications regarding licensing, this book 
was compiled, and although it is found quite impossible to cover the laws 
of every state and town outside New York, nevertheless the analysis of 
these laws is condensed in such form that we feel sure they will prove of 
interest to our readers. 

Beginning with Part Three are certain questions and answers, 
termed Technical questions and answers to distinguish them from the 
questions and answers pertaining to the Motor Vehicle Laws of Part Two. 

These are elementary questions on the various functions of the 
motor vehicle and in writing these 800 odd technical questions it has 
been our intention to include all questions pertaining to the operation, 
control, care and repair of the motor vehicle, selected from questions asked 
by the Automobile Bureau in giving their examinations; also many others 
have been added, which, put in text book form, and with the illustrations 
makes, we think, the technical end of this work quite complete. 

For the motorist who owns a car, this book will be found of value 
as a source of information, which he has heretofore been unable to procure. 

We are therefore dedicating this work to our readers, with a full 
assurance that it will meet with approval and prove its worth by helping 
the beginner, chauffeur, or owner, to a fuller and more comprehensive 
knowledge of the motoring world. 





PREFACE 


The development of automobile legislation along the various lines, 
which it has been found necessary to regulate, has of late been extremely 
complex; therefore requiring considerable detail and more or less com¬ 
plicated methods to carry it out. This fact is a cause of some inconven¬ 
ience to the Motorist, and it would be impossible for the layman in this 
line to carry in his mind all the technicalities and various steps which 
it is necessary for the Authorities to insist upon, in order that a proper 
record may be kept and the public served in the best way. The purpose 
of this book, therefore, is very valuable—it will be found to contain 
points which constantly come into question, and I can safely say that it 
covers every case which may present itself to the Motor Car User. 

The tourist will find little difficulty in picking out the right road 
when traveling through the country, and even though he may go astray, 
he can always have resource to the old, and after all, the surest method, 
of asking his way; but when some difficulty arises in the line of comply¬ 
ing with the Law, he would find perhaps that even his Lawyer could not 
give him the exact detail of how to go about complying with all the 
regulations. It, therefore, does not seem to me that a vade-mecum for 
the Automobilist would ever grow dusty on the shelves of the man who 
takes his pleasure in a motor car. 

This book also covers a very important field and one which cannot 
be too carefully laid before the public in its description of outline and 
method of, and the assistance it will give in regard to the Chauffeur’s 
examination. 

1 hose who seek a license as Chauffeur, when not acquainted with 
the methods in vogue in this State find, or seem to find, that they are being 
confronted with a mass of red tape, and that pitfalls and traps are being 
constantly uncovered in their progress. I need not, however, state that 
this is not the case, but still I feel that to some it may so appear, and 1, 
therefore, look upon the publishing of this book with pleasure, in the 
hope that those who intend to take an examination will peruse its contents 
with care and earnestness; and I say without the slightest hesitation, that 
if the knowledge herein contained can be absorbed and understood by 
a prospective Chauffeur, no difficulty will be experienced in passing the 
examination, provided the applicant is able to drive a motor car. 

In summing up the work contained in this volume, 1 say that as a 
book of reference on all Legal points, and detail of licensing all auto¬ 
mobiles in the State of New York, it is invaluable; and as a 'Text Book, 


4 



for the prospective automobile driver, whether he intends to become a 
professional chauffeur or simply wishes to operate his own motor vehicle, 
it is thorough and correct. I know of no similar work now on the market, 
and I am sure that the publishing of this new book will fill a long felt 
want in Automobile Literature. 



Chief Examiner. 

Automobile Bureau, Secretary of State’s Office 

State of New York. 


5 


CONTENTS 


PART I. 

How to Obtain all Forms of Licenses. pages, 7 to 15 

Motor Vehicle Laws, Articles. 28 0 to 2 93, inclusive 

Speed, Folk’s Ordinance. pages, 29 to 31 

Lights, Park Ordinance. page, 31 

Regulation of Public Garages and Use of Mufflers. page, 3 2 

Penal Law, Lien Law. page, 33 

Rules of the Road, Traffic Regulations. pages, 34 to 3 7 

Signals, Sanitary Code of the Board of Health as regards Smok¬ 
ing . page, 38 

Summary of Local Ordinances. pages, 3 9 to 4 9 

Summary of the Automobile Laws of each State. pages, 50 to 6 2 

Various Number Series Used by the Licensing Department. page, 63 

PART II. 

Chauffeur’s Questions and Answers. pages, 6 4 to 6 7 

Owner’s Questions and Answers. pages, 68 to 69 

Law Questions and Answers. pages, 7 0 to 7 6 

PART III. 

TECHNICAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. 

Motor . pages, 7 7 to 9 5 

Carbureter. pages, 96 to 108 

Oiling System. pages, 109 to 112 

Engine Cooling Systems. pages, 113 to 117 

Cold Weather. page, 117 

Ignition System . pages, 119 to 129 

Clutch. pages, 131 to 134 

Transmission . pages, 135 to 141 

Rear Axle and Brake Control. pages, 14 2 to 150 

Fire and Smoke . page, 151 

Steering Gear, Front Axle and Speed Control. pages, 15 2 to 157 

Propellor Shaft, Jack Shaft, Chains and Wheels. pages, 158 to 161 

Tires . pages, 16 2 to 167 

Mechanical Electric . pages, 168 to 172 

6 






























HOW TO OBTAIN ALL FORMS 

OF LICENSES 


B y George Strobridge, Chief Kxaminer Automobile 

Bureau 


THE SECRETARY OF STATE’S OFFICE, 
Broadway and 74th St., New York. 


Registiation and licences issued during the year are in effect from 
February 1st of one year to January 31st of the following year. 

The Secretary of State’s Office will be prepared to deliver these 
licenses in the case of new registration at all times, and the renewal license 
about two months prior to the first of February, when all the new licenses 
must be in the hands of those who need them. 

If all applicants will apply without delay in case of renewals as 
soon as possible after the receipt of his renewal card, the usual congestion 
at the end of the year will be lessened and there will be no disappoint¬ 
ments from not receiving the licenses on time. 

WHERE TO REGISTER. 

For the convenience of applicants for registration, and for chauf¬ 
feur’s license, there are three offices located: 

1. Northwest corner <of Broadway and 74tih St., 

2. 7 60 Main Street, Buffalo, N. Y. 

3. Automobile Bureau, Albany, N. Y. 

Note—The city and street addresses of the above cities are known 
as the Central Bureaus, examinations are also given from time to time in 
the following cities, known as Branch Bureaus: Binghamton, Elmira, 
Geneva, Glens Falls, Jamestown, Ogdensburg, Olean, Oneonta, Plattsburg, 
Poughkeepsie, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica and Watertown. 

To take an examination in one of the above cities, one of the three 
Central Offices, in whose territory you are located must be notified, and 
you will receive a permit to take the examination and notification to appear 
at a certain time. Owners, dealers or chauffeurs applying for application 
blanks and renewals, should therefore correspond directly with the Cen¬ 
tral Bureau in whose territory they are located. 

The New York Office will receive all applications from and trans¬ 
act all business with reference to the following counties: 

New York, Kings, Queens, Richmond, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, 
Rockland and Putman. 


7 





The Buffalo Office will receive all applications from and transact 
all business with reference to the following- counties: 

Alleghany, Cattaraugus, Cayuga, Chautauqua, Chemung, Cortland, 
Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Onondaga, Ontario, Orleans, 
Schuyler, Seneca, Steuben, Tioga, Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming and Yates. 

The Albany Office will receive all applications from, and transact 
all business with reference to the following counties: 

Albany, Broome, Chenango, Clinton, Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, 
Essex, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, Lewis, 
Madison, Montgomery, Oneida, Orange, Oswego, Otsego, Renssellaer, St. 
Lawrence, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Sullivan, Ulster, Warren 
and Washington. 

The residence of the applicant determines the district in which his 
application is to be filed. 

Applicants residing in one district and having a place of business 
in another district must file applications in the district where they reside. 

A corporation must file its application where its principal place of 
business is located. 

Be certain to observe the district in which you reside and file your 
application therein, otherwise delay will ensue. 

APPLICATION BLANKS. 

Must be filled out by those seeking new cars, dealers or owners 
and chauffeur’s licenses and can be obtained in person, by agent, or will 
be sent by mail. , 

PERSONAL APPLICATION. 

If you reside in New York City, in Buffalo, or in Albany, or in 
close proximity to any of these cities, you will get better service if you will 
fill out your application blank whether owner’s or chauffeur’s at the office 
located there, and upon presenting it at the office window, making known 
your requirements, upon payment of fee, your cards, license plates, or 
badge, as the case may be, will be handed to you over the counter a few 
moments after your application is received. 

APPLICATIONS BY MAIL. 

Where it is not possible for an applicant to call or send an agent, he 
should mail his application properly filled out in accordance with the 
instructions thereon, to the proper office, enclosing fee in the form of 
check or money order (no cash). Thereupon certificate, or license card, 
will be mailed him and plates will be shipped to the address within 
the state of New York designated by the applicant. 

As shipment will be by express, in isuch cases applicants are re¬ 
quested to designate a shipping address at a point where there is an express 
office. Where a non-resident applicant designates a place out of the state 
as the place to wih'ich plates are to be shipped, thie plates will be sent 
express charges “collect.” 


8 


Also wherever it is impossible for the applicant to appear in person 
at one of the Branch Automoblie Bureaus, he can communicate with the 
Central Bureau of his district, by mail, and the procedure in that case is 
the same as if he appeared himself, save that de/lay may occur through 
mistake on the applicant’s part, and several days must elapse in these 
cases, whereas a personal application secures immediate delivery of the 
credentials. 

I will now outline how to apply in all cases, and describing only 
the method where the applicant appears personally at the Secretary of 
State’s Office in New York, the form here given, also applies for the pro¬ 
cedure at the other Central Bureaus, Albany and Buffalo. 

HOW TO OBTAIN A NEAV CAR LICENSE. 

(Applicant who owns his car.) 

Obtain from the Secretary of State’s Office a blank application. 
To properly fill out this application you must know manufacturer’s number 
of the car, or motor number, as well as the bore of the cylinder and also 
style of body. 

You will find upon the application, a number of questions, all of 
which will be easily answered, if you have the above outlined car infor¬ 
mation. 

After swearing to the application, a regular charge, fixed by law, 
is made for license plates, etc., and if the applicant appears in person 
license plates and registration card will be delivered at once. 

This application must be sworn to and notaries are provided for this 
purpose in all the Automobile Bureaus, and for their service no fee is 
charged. 

SENDING A REPRESENTATIVE FOR A CAR LICENSE. 

(Either an original or renewal owner’s license.) 

If the owner sends a representative to obtain his license plates 
and cards, he must duly authorize this person to sign a receipt for them. 

No one but the owner can sign and swear to the application, but 
after he has done this, anyone can be authorized to get the credentials. 

A blank form to accomplish this is sent in with each renewal card, 
and also will be found on each application, headed, “Take Notice.” It 
must contain the messenger’s name, and be signed by the applicant. 

FEES FOR REGISTRATION, (MOTOR VEHICLES.) 

Motor vehicles used solely for commercial purposes. 

All other vehicles. 

Twenty-five horse-power or less. 

More than twenty-five horse-power and less than thirty-five 

horse-power . 

More than thirty-five horse-power and less than fifty horse-power 

Fifty horse-power or more. 


$ 5.00 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

25.00 


9 






HOUSE POWER FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION MOTOR AUTOMOBILES. 


Consult this table below in determining' bore of cylinder and horse¬ 
power of your motor vehicle. 

Calculated from formula. 

2 

__ (Diam. in inches) x number of cylinders 


BORE 

HORSE POWER 

INCHES 

MILLIMETERS 

1 

CYLINDER 

2 

CYLINDERS 

3 

CYLINDERS 

4 

CYLINDERS 

2 i 

64 . 

2.5 

5.0 

10.0 

15.0 

1 

68 

2.8 

5.5 

11.0 

16.5 

3 

¥ 

70 

3.0 

6.0 

12.1 

18.1 

jL 

8 

73 

3.3 

6.6 

13.2 

19.8 

3 

76 

3.6 

7.2 

14.4 

21.6 

1 

8 

79 

3.9 

7.8 

15.6 

23.4 

1 

¥ 

83 

4.2 

8.4 

16.9 

25.3 

3 

8 

85 

4.6 

9.1 

18.2 

27.3 

3 * 

89 

4.9 

9.8 

19.6 

29.4 

I 

92 

5.3 

10.5 

21.0 

31.5 

¥ 

95 

5.6 

11.2 

22.5 

33.7 

8 

99 

6.0 

12.0 

24.0 

36.0 

4 

102 

6.4 

12.8 

25.6 

38.4 

1 

8 

105 

6.8 

13.6 

27.2 

40.8 

¥ 

108 

7.2 

14.4 

28.9 

43.3 

# 

111 

7.7 

15.3 

30.6 

45.9 

4i 

114 

8.1 

16.2 

32.4 

48.6 

1 

118 

8.6 

17.1 

34.2 

51.4 

3 

¥ 

121 

90 

18.0 

36.1 

54.2 

-X 

8 

124 

9.5 

19.0 

38.0 

57.0 

5 

127 

10 0 

20.0 

40.0 

60.0 

1 

8 

130 

10.5 

21.0 

42.0 

63.0 

1 

4 

133 

11.0 

22.0 

44.1 

66.1 

3 

8 

137 

11.6 

23.1 

46.2 

69.3 

54 

140 

12.1 

24.2 

48.4 

72.6 

f 

143 

12.7 

25.3 

50.6 

75.9 

3 

¥ 

146 

13.2 

26.4 

52.9 

79.3 

8 

149 

13.8 

27.6 

55.2 

82.8 

6 

152 

14.4 

28.8 

57.6 

86.4 


Knowing the boie or diam. inside of cylinder as 4 %" horse-power 
for 6 cylinder motor is found in last column as 57 and 4 cylinder 38 and 
so on for 2 and 1 cylinders. 


10 

































HOW TO OBTAIN A NEW CAR LICENSE FOR A DEALER. 


In the case of Dealer’s Registration, a special blank is provided by 
the Secretary of State’s Office. The fee for this style of license is fifteen 
dollars in all cases, which carries with it one set of plates, viz. two plates. 
Where more than one set of plates is desired, this fact must be noted in 
the application, and all extra sets are charged for at a fee of two dollars 
each. Only one set of plates will be ready at the original time of appli¬ 
cation, and notice will be sent to the applicant when extra sets are ready 
for delivery. 

HOW TO RENEW A DEALER’S CAR LICENSE. 

In all cases where dealers have been registered for one year, a card 
of renewal will be sent, and the same number may be reserved for the next 
year if so desired, but time enough must be given for the various Bureaus 
to take care of this reservation. 

HOW TO OBTAIN NEW LICENSES, COMMERCIAL. 

(Includes all cars doing a commercial business.) 

This type of license is the same in every way as a pleasure car 
license, save that the fee is in all cases five dollars only. Application is 
made and registration plates and cards are obtained in the same manner as 
the regular license as is used for a pleasure vehicle. 

HOW TO RENEW LAST YEAR’S LICENSE. 

(Pleasure or commercial.) 

All owners who have registered a car will receive sometime during 
the month of November of the year in which they registered, a card of 
renewal, which, if filled with the proper fee, which will be found printed 
on the card, and which is fixed by the law, will entitle the holder to a new 
set of number plates and a new registration card. This renewal card can 
be brought in, in person or mailed in, and must be sworn to before a 
Notary, as in the case of original registration. The fee for renewal is the 
same as for original licensing, save only after four years continuous re¬ 
newal, when the price is cut in 'half. 

HOW TO OBTAIN A CAR LICENSE WHERE CAR IS SOLD OR TAKEN 

IN TRADE. 

The Callan Law provides that aid owners must notify the Sec¬ 
retary of State’s Office immediately upon the sale of their car. The 
purchaser may transfer the former license number of the car to his own 
name, at a fee of one dollar, for which transfer there is a special blank 
provided by the Secretary of the State’s Office, but this blank will not be 
accepted by the Secretary of State’s Office unless notice of sale has been 
sent in by the original owner. 

The purchaser must be acquainted with the facts concerning his 
machine, as concerns the bore of the cylinder and the manufacturer’s 
number and the type of body. In all cases where a car is sold or a new 
one purchased, let the applicant be>ar in mind that the car itself is regis- 


11 


tered, and not the owner, hence the car may be transferred from owner 
to owner with the same number, but the same number cannot be used on 
any other than the one vehicle to which it was originally assigned. 


HOW TO PROCURE A NEW PLATE WHEN THE OLD ONE HAS BEEN 

LOST. 


When a number plate has been lost, the owner of the vehicle can 
obtain a new set by filling out proper affidavit and filing same, in the 
Office of the Secretary of State, when an entirely new set of plates of the 
next serial number which is being issued at the office will be assigned to 
his car but the remaining plate of the old set must be returned to the 
Secretary of State. It, therefore follows, that whenever a number is lost 
the car must use a new number—the fee for this exchange is $1.00 only. 


THE FEES in all of the above mentioned cases of lost credentials 
is one dollar. Duplicate registration cards are one dollar each. 


HOW TO OBTAIN NEW LICENSE PLATES WHEN THE OLD ONES ARE 

MUTILATED. 

The same procedure as in the case where a plate is lost, (see 
above), must be gone through. The same fees are charged, the only 
extra requirement being that the mutilated plate must be returned to the 
Automobile Bureau. 


HOW TO OBTAIN CHAUFFEUR’S LICENSES. 

NEW LICENSES:—Application for this style of license must be 
made at one of the three Automobile Bureaus provided by the Secretary 
of State. 

An authorized blank is provided by the Secretary of State for 
application for Chauffeur’s license. This must be properly filled out, 
sworn to and signed by two reputable citizens, who must vouch for the 
character and record of the candidate. The fee for this original regis¬ 
tration is five dollars. This application must be accompanied by two 
duplicate photographs of a particular size, which is indicated on the license 
blank. (IV 2 in. in Dia.) 

As soon as possible after the application has been filed, a notice 
or permit to appear for examination will be sent outlining the point at 
which the chauffeur must appear on a given date, and at a given hour. 
At the time of his first appearance, he wiill receive a road test. This road 
test may be taken on either a truck, electric, steam, or a car equipped 
with planetary transmission, or a touring car. This car must at present 
be brought by the applicant in all cases save where his examination is 
taken at the New York Bureau, where, if he is to drive a touring car, he 
will find a machine provided by the State upon which he may take his 
road test, but with the exception of the New York Bureau, the applicant 
of the other Bureaus in all cases must at the present time provide hisi 
own machine for road testing. 

At the New York office, under the new regulations, anyone may 
bring his own car for road test, except a school or instruction car, and 
even these may be used provided they are trucks. 


12 


1 he Albany and Buffalo Bureaus will also soon be provided with 
cars for the use of candidates in their road tests. 

Upon the type of vehicle used in this test will depend the limitations 
of the license issued, should the candidate pass satisfactorily. 

Licenses to cover driving of all types of vehicles, or more than one 
type, may be obtained at one examination, but in order to so qualify, the 
candidate must submit to a road test and oral examination at the New 
York Bureau to show ability along various lines he most desires to take 
up. 


The gasoline road test examination where a touring car is used, 
covers all gasoline driven vehicles, equipped with internal combustion type 
motor. Should the candidate desire to drive also electric vehicles, an addi¬ 
tional electric examination besides the full gasoline examination will be 
given. To add steam to his credentials, he must also road test on a steam 
driven car, and submit to an examination on this type of vehicle as well. 

After road test has been satisfactorily passed in the New York 
office an oral examination will be given consisting of questions Technical, 
Legal and regarding Rules of the Road for whatever type of vehicle the 
candidate is qualified. In order to facilitate and make practical the tech¬ 
nical questions, various properties are used to question the candidate upon. 
In the case of the Gasoline Examination a dismounted chassis is used. The 
candidate is confronted with this chassis and questioned regarding names, 
uses, difficulties which may arise and remedies therefor of the various 
parts. For the Electric Examinations the essential parts of the Electric 
vehicle are displayed such as the motor, controller and batteries wiring, 
etc., and the candidate is required to describe and point out their uses 
and relation. 

To date this Oral Examinaton is only used in the New York office 
where 7 6 per cent, of the examinations throughout the State are given. 
In other cities a Written Examination is given which takes form as 
follows. 

After the road test has been satisfactorily passed in Albany and 
Buffalo, a written examination will be given consisting of fifteen questions. 
The gasoline examination contains seven technical questions, five legal 
questions and three questions bearing'on rules of the road. 

In all cases the road test and the written examination are given 
on the same day, and if applicant passes satisfactorily at his first appear¬ 
ance, he will within a few days receive a requisition notice, which, upon 
presenting at the Office of the Secretary of State, will secure delivery to him 
of his card and badge, or if he should mail this card together with his note 
to the Automobile Bureau, 'his badge and card will be forwarded by regis¬ 
tered mail. 


HOW TO RENEW CHAUFFEUR’S LICENSE. 

To all who register as chauffeurs, toward the latter part of the year, 
say in November, will be sent a renewal card. This renewal card must be 
filled out, sworn to before a Notary Public, and together with two duplicate 


13 


photographs and a fee of two dollars, be either presented or sent to one of 
the Automobile Bureaus, whereupon a license for the next year will be 
given to the applicant. 

HOW TO AMEND A LICENSE 

Where a chauffeur is licensed to drive some particular type of vehicle, 
and wishes to amend his license to cover a different type, an additional 
fee of two dollars is charged, the same to be paid upon the filing of an 
authorized blank furnished by the Secretary of State’s Office, after which, 
as in the case of an original license, !he will be sent a permit or notice to 
appear for examination. The scope of this examination will depend upon 
what he desires to add to his credentials, i. e. if he is licensed to drive 
gasoline cars, and wishes to drive an electric, he will be given only a written 
or oral examination on the electric vehicle. , 

Note—Oral Examinations are held in New York. Written Exam¬ 
inations are held in Buffalo and Albany. 

If he is licensed to drive electrics and wished to add gasoline, he 
must submit to a full test, viz, road and written or oral examination test. 
Where steam is desired as an added credential, a full test on steam cars 
will be necessary. 

HOW TO OBTAIN A NEW CHAUFFEUR’S BADGE WHEN THE OLD ONE 

IS LOST. 

Where a chauffeur loses his badge, he can upon the payment of a fee 
of one dollar, secure a new one, from any of the various city bureaus. 

The old method of temporary badge has been done away with. A 
new badge with the next new serial number is given him, the number on 
his card being changed to conform with the office records. 

HOW TO OBTAIN A NEW CARD WHEN THE OLD ONE IS LOST. 

Where the chauffeur’s license card is lost, a due form of application 
must be filled out with a photograph of the applicant, filed with a fee of 
one dollar. Immediately after this procedure will follow the issuance of 
a duplicate card. 


EXAMINATION OF CHAUFFEURS. 

Should a chauffeur fail to pass his examination satisfactorily upon 
the first attempt, whether it be a failure on the road or in the written or 
oral examination, he will receive due notice of this fact through the mail, 
and also at the expiration of thirty days he will again receive notice to 
appear for the second examination witheut further effort on his part. Should 
he fail for a second time, he will receive notice of the fact through the mail, 
and also notice to appear for a third examination, after a period of three 
months from the time of the second failure. After a third failure, the 
applicant is required to furnish satisfactory proof of the fact that he has 
had more practice, and is liable to show improvement, if another test is 
given him. This proof must take the form of a letter addressed to the 
Secretary of State, by some person who has been instructing the applicant. 


14 


or watching his work. If this letter is found satisfactory and authentic by 
the Chief Examiner, the candidate will be scheduled for a fourth examina¬ 
tion, but a period of thirty days at least must elapse between the third and 
fourth examinations. The law provided that the sum of two dollars should 
be paid as an examination fee, and three dollars as a license fee. The 
result, therefore, of a failed examination is the confiscation by the Secretary 
of the State’s Office, of two dollars of the five dollars originally paid with 
the application. The applicant may, however, withdraw his entire five 
dollars at any time prior to having received an examination, but after he 
has been examined, he can withdraw only three dollars. To withdraw any 
moneys paid in regard to a chauffeur’s license, a due form of affidavit must 
be made out personally by the candidate, and payments thereon will only 
be made during the first four or five working days of each month. 

ERASURES OR ALTERATIONS ON LICENSE CARDS. 

No renewal card upon which any erasures or alterations appear, 
will be accepted by any office of the License Bureaus. 

If an examination of your card shows any errors, same should be 
returned to the office indicated at top of card for investigation, with a letter 
explaining the error. 

Returns.—Any application of any kind received at any of the offices 
of the License Bureau, in which any error is discovered affecting the validity 
of the application, will be promptly returned to the applicant, together with 
the remittance which accompanied it. 

Applicants are requested to communicate with the Branch Office of 
the district in which they are located, regarding any change of address, 
transfer of car, or any other matter affecting the registration issued them. 

Too mu oh importance cannot be attached to the advisability of 
giving immediate attention to this notice. 


15 


MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS 

Highway Haw. 

Chapter 374, 491, 1910-1911. 

28 0. Application of Article.—Except as herein otherwise provided, 
this article shall be exclusively controlling: 

1. Upon the registration of numbering and regulation of motor 
vehicles, and the licensing and regulation of chauffeurs. 

2. On their use of the public highway and 

3. On the accessories used upon motor vehicles and their incidents 
and the speed of motor vehicles upon the public highways: 

4. On the punishment for the violation of any of the provisions of 
this article. 

281. DEFINITIONS.—The term “motor vehicle” as used in this 
article, except where otherwise expressly provided, shall include all vehicles 
propelled by any power other than muscular ipower, except motor bicycles, 
motorcycles, traction engines, police patrol wagons, ambulances and such 
vehicles as run only upon rails or tracks. The term “local authorities” 
shall include all officers of counties, cities, borroughs, towns or villages, as 
well as all boards, committees and other public officials of such counties, 
cities, boroughs, towns or villages. The term “chauffeur” shall mean any 
person operating or driving a motor vehicle, as an employee or for hire. 
The term “state” as used in this article, except where otherwise expressly 
provided, shall also include the territories and the federal districts of the 
United States. The term “owner” shall also include any person, firm, asso¬ 
ciation or corporation renting a motor vehicle or having exclusive use 
thereof, under a lease or otherwise, for a period greater than thirty days. 
The term “public highways” shall include any highway, country road, state 
road, public street, avenue, alley, park, parkway or public place in any 
county, city, borough, town or village, except any speedway which may 
have been or may be expressly set apart by law for the exclusive use of 
ihorses and light carriages. (As amended, Chapt. 491, Laws 1911.) 

28 2. REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES; AGE OF OPERAT¬ 
OR; FEES; RENEWALS.—1. Registration by owners. Every owner of 
a motor vehicle which shall be operated or driven upon the public highways 
of this state shall, except as herein otherwise expressly provided, cause to 
be filed, by mail or otherwise, in the office of the Secretary of State a 
verified application for registration on a blank to be furnished by the Sec¬ 
retary of State for that purpose, containing: (a) A brief description of the 
motor vehicle to be registered, including the name of the manufacturer and 
factory number of such vehicle, the character and amount of the motive 
power stated in figures of horse power in accordance with the rating estab¬ 
lished by the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers: (b) the 
name, age, residence, including county and business, of the owner of such 


16 


motor vehicle; (c) provided that, if such motor vehicle is used or to be 
used solely for commercial purposes, the applicant shall so certify. 

2. Age of operator. No person shall operate or drive a motor 
vehicle who is under eighteen years of age, unless such person is accom¬ 
panied by a duly licensed chauffeur or tlhe owner of the motor vehicle being 
operated. 

3. Registration book. Upon the receipt of an application for regis¬ 
tration of a motor vehicle, as provided in this article, the Secretary of 
State shall file such application in his office at Albany and such other places 
within the state of New York as he may designate and register such motor 
vehicle or vehicles, with the name, residence and business address of the 
owner, manufacturer or dealer as the case may be, together with the facts 
stated in such application, in a book or index to be kept for the purpose, 
under the distinctive number assigned to such motor vehicle by the Secre¬ 
tary of State, which book or index shall be open to public inspection during 
reasonable business hours. 

4. Certificate of registration. Upon the filing of such application 
and the payment of the fee hereinafter provided, the Secretary of State 
shall assign to such motor vehicle a distinctive number and, without expense 
to the applicant, issue and deliver in such manner as the Secretary of State 
may select to the owner a certificate of registration, in such form as the 
Secretary of State shall prescribe, and two number plates at a place within 
the State of New York named by the applicant in his application. In the 
event of the loss, mutilation or destruction of any certificate of registration, 
number plate, license or badge, the owner of a registered motor vehicle or 
manufacturer, or dealer, or chauffeur, as the case may be, may obtain from 
the Secretary of State a duplicate thereof upon filing in the office of the 
Secretary of State an affidavit showing sucih fact and the payment of a fee of 
one dollar. 

5. Times for registration and re-registration. Registration applied 
for on or before August 1, 1910, shall take effect on that date and certifi¬ 
cates issued on such application, or under any application made prior to 
January 31, 1911, shall expire on the latter date. The fees for such regis¬ 
trations shall be one-half of the annual fees provided herein. Registration 
thereafter shall be renewed annually in the same manner and upon pay¬ 
ment of the same annual fees as provided in this section for registration, to 
take effect on the first day of February, in each year beginning with such 
date in the year 1911; and the certificates of registration issued there¬ 
under or issued between any such dates shall expire on the succeeding 
thirty-first day of January. 

6. Registration fees. The following fees shall be paid to the Sec¬ 
retary of State upon the registration or re-registration of a motor vehicle 
in accordance with tlhe provisions of this article: Five dollars upon the 
registration of a motor vehicle having a rating of twenty-five horse power 
or less; ten dollars upon the registration of a motor vehicle having a rating 
of more than twenty-five horse power and less than thirty-five horse power; 
fifteen dollars upon the registration of a motor vehicle having a rating of 
thirty-five horse power and less than fifty horse power; twenty-five dollars 

17 


upon the registration of a motor vehicle having a rating of fifty horse power 
or more; provided that if a motor vehicle is originally registered after Aug¬ 
ust 1st in any year, the register fee herein provided for; provided that if 
a motor vehicle other than one used solely for commercial purposes shall 
have been licensed for four separate years hereunder and for which there 
shall have been paid the annual registration fees herein provided during 
said period, the annual registration fees thereafter shall be one-half the 
amount; and further provided that for motor vehicles which are used or to 
be used solely for commercial purposes, the fee for such registration shall 
be five dollars. The provisions hereof with respect to the payment of regis¬ 
tration fees shall not apply to motor vehicles owned or controlled by the 
state, a city or county, or any of tihe departments thereof, but in other 
respects shall be applicable. 

7. Fees in lieu of taxes. The registration fees imposed by this 
article upon motor vehicles, other than those of manufacturers and dealers 
and those used solely for commercial purposes, shall be in lieu of all 
taxes, general or local, to which motor vehicles may be subject. 

8. Sale and registration by vendee. Upon the sale or transfer of 
a motor vehicle registered in accordance with this section, the vendor 
shall immediately give notice thereof with the name and residence of the 
vendee to the Secretary of State, and the vendee shall, within ten days 
after the date of such sale or transfer, notify the Secretary of State there¬ 
of upon a blank furnished promptly by him for that purpose, stating the 
name and business address of the previous owner, if known, the number 
under which such motor vehicle is registered and the name, residence, 
including county and business address, of the vendee. Upon filing such 
statement duly verified such vendee shall pay to the Secretary of State 
a fee of one dollar, and upon receipt of such statement and fee the Secre¬ 
tary of State shall file such statement in his office and note upon the 
registration book or index such change in ownership. 

9. Upon the sale of the motor vehicle by the manufacturer or 
dealer, which has been registered by the manufacturer or dealer under 
this article, the vendee shall be allowed to operate the same upon the 
public highways for a period of fifteen days after taking possession thereof 
or until he shall have received his certificate of registration ana number 
plate from the Secretary of State, providing that during such period the 
motor vehicle shall have attached thereto, in accordance with the pro¬ 
visions hereof, two number plates bearing the registration number of the 
dealer under which it might previously have been operated, and provided, 
further, that application for registration shall be made by mail or other¬ 
wise before such vehicle shall be so used. (As amended, Chap. 4 91, Laws 
1911.) 


283. DISTINCTIVE NUMBER; FORM OF NUMBER PLATES. 

1. Distinctive number must be carried on motor vehicles. No 

person shall operate or drive a motor vehicle on the public highways of 
this state after the first day of August 1910, unless such vehicle shall 
have a distinctive number assigned to it by the Secretary of State and a 


18 


number plate issued by the Secretary of State with a number correspond¬ 
ing to that of the certificate of registration conspicuously displayed, one 
on the front and one on the rear of such vehicle, each securely fastened 
so as to prevent the same from swinging. 

2. Number plates to be changed annually. Such number plates 
shall be of a distinctly different color each year, and there shall be at all 
times a marked contrast between the color of the number plates and that 
of the numerals or letters thereon. 

3. Form of number plate. Such number plate shall be of metal, 
at least six inches wide and not less than fifteen inches in length, on which 
there shall be the initials “N. Y.,” and there shall be the distinctive number 
assigned to the vehicle set forth in numerals four inches long, each 
stroke of which shall be at least five-eighths of an inch in width; pro¬ 
vided that in the case of a motor vehicle registered by the manufacturer 
or dealer there shall be on such plate in addition to the foregoing the 
letter “M,” each stroke of such letter to be at least four inches long and 
five-eightihs of an inch in width. No vehicle shall display the number 
plates of more than one state at a time, nor shall any other plate be used 
other than those issued by the Secretary of State. (As amended, Chap. 
491, Laws 1911.) 

284. REGISTRATION BY MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS; 
REGISTRATION. 

1. Registration by manufacturers and dealers. Every person, 
firm, association or corporation manufacturing or dealing in motor ve¬ 
hicles may, instead of registering each motor vehicle so manufactured or 
dealt in, make a verified application upon a blank to be furnished by the 
Secretary of State for a general distinctive number for all the motor 
vehicles owned or controlled by such manufacturer or dealer, such 
application to contain: (a) A brief description of each style or type of 
motor vehicle manufactured or dealt in by such manufacturer or dealer, 
including the character of the motor power, the amount of such motor 
power stated in figures of horse power in accordance with the rating es¬ 
tablished by the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers; and 
(b) the name, residence, including county and business address, of such 
manufacturer or dealer. On tihe payment of the registration fee of fifteen 
dollars such application shall be filed and registered in the office of the 
Secretary of State in the manner provided in Section 28 2 of this article. 
There shall thereupon be assigned and issued to such manufacturer or 
dealer a general distinctive number and without expense to the applicant 
issued and promptly delivered to such manufacturer or dealer at a place 
within the State of New York to be designated by Ihim in his application, 
a certificate of registration in such form as the Secretary of State shall 
prescribe, and a number plate with a number corresponding to the number 
of such certificate of registration. Such number plate or duplicate thereof 
shall be displayed by every motor vehicle of such manufacturer or dealer 
wlhen the same is operated or driven on the public highways. Such manu¬ 
facturer or dealer may obtain as many duplicates of such number plate as 
may be desired upon payment to the Secretary of State of one dollar for 


19 


each duplicate. No plate or sign shall be used other than those furnished by 
the Secretary of State. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed to 
apply to a motor vehicle operated by a manufacturer or dealer for private 
use or for hire. 

2. Registration annually. Such registration shall be renewed 
annually in the same manner and on the payment of the same fee as pro¬ 
vided in this section for original registration, such renewal to take effect 
on the first day of February of each year. Provisions of subdivision five 
of Section 248, relating to first registration of renewals, shall apply to 
registration under this section. (As amended, Chap. 491, Laws 1911.) 

285. EXEMPTION OF NON-RESIDENT OWNERS. 

The provisions of the foregoing sections relative to registration and 
display of registration numbers shall not apply to a motor vehicle owned 
by a non-resident of this State, other than a foreign corporation doing 
business in this State, provided that the owner thereof shall have complied 
with the provisions of the law of the foreign country, state, territory or 
federal district of his residence relative to registration of motor vehicles 
and the display of registration numbers thereon, and shall conspicuously 
display his registration numbers as required thereby. The provisions of 
this section, however, shall be operative as to a motor vehicle owned by 
a non-resident of this State only to the extent that under the laws of the 
foreign country, state, territory or federal district of his residence, like 
exemptions and privileges are granted to motor vehicles duly registered 
under the laws of and owned by residents of this state. 

286. Signaling and Other Devices; Signals; Rules of the Road. 

1. Brakes, horns and lamps; signaling at crossings. Every motor 
vehicle, operated or driven upon the public highways of this State, shall 
be provided with adequate brakes in good working order and sufficient 
to control such vehicle at all times when the same is in use, and a suit¬ 
able and adequate bell, ihorn or other device for signaling, and shall, 
during the period from one-half hour after sunset to one- half hour before 
sunrise, display at least two lighted lamps on the front and one on the 
rear of such vehicle, which shall also display a red light visible from the 
rear. Tlhe rays of such rear lamp shall shine upon the number plate carried 
bn the rear of such vehicle in such manner as to render the numerals 
thereon visible for at least fifty feet in the direction from which the motor 
vehicle is proceeding. The light of the front lamps shall be visible at 
least two hundred feet in the direction in which the motor vehicle is 
proceeding. Every person operating or driving a motor vehicle on the 
public highways of this state shall also, when approaching a crossroad out¬ 
side the limits of a city or incorporated village, slow down the speed of 
the same and shall sound his bell, horn or other device for signaling in 
such a manner as to give notice and warning of his approach. 

2. Stopping on signal, and other regulations. A person operat¬ 
ing or driving a motor vehicle shall, on signal by raising the hand, from 
a person riding, leading or driving a horse or horses or other draft animals, 
bring such motor vehicle immediately to a stop, and, if traveling in the 
opposite direction, remain stationary so long as may be reasonable to 


20 - 


allow such horse or animal to pass, and if traveling in the same direction, 
use reasonable caution in thereafter passing sucib horse or animal; pro¬ 
vided that, in case such horse or animal appears badly frightened or 
the person operating such motor vehicle is so signaled to do, such person 
shall cause the motor of such vehicle to cease running so long as shall 
be reasonably necessary to prevent accident and insure the safety of others. 
In approaching or passing a car of a street railway which has been stopped 
to allow passengers to alight or embark, the operator of every motor 
vehicle shall slow down and if it be necessary for the safety of the public 
he shall bring said vehicle to a full stop. Upon approaching a pedestrian 
who is upon the traveled part of any highway and not upon a sidewalk 
and upon approaching an intersecting highway or a curve or a corner in 
a highway where the operator’s view is obstructed, every person operat¬ 
ing a motor vehicle shall slow down and give a timely signal with his 
bell, horn or other device for signaling. 

3. Rules of the road. Whenever a person operating a motor 
vehicle shall meet on a public highway any other person riding or driving 
a horse or horses or other draft animals or any other vehicle, the person 
so operating such motor vehicle shall seasonably turn the same to the 
right of the center of such highway so as to pass without interference. 
Any such person so operating a motor vehicle shall, on overtaking any 
such horse, draft animal or other vehicle, pass on the left side thereof, 
and the rider or driver of such horse, draft animal or other vehicle shall, 
as soon as practicable, turn to the right so as to allow free passage on 
the left. Any person so operating a motor vehicle shall at the intersection 
of public highways, keep to the right of the intersection of the centers 
of such highways when turning to the right and pass to the right of such 
intersection when turning to the left. 

28 7. Speed Permitted. 

Every person operating a motor vehicle on the public highway of 
this state shall drive the same in a careful and prudent manner and at 
a rate of speed so as not to endanger the property of another or the life 
or limb of any -person; provided, that a rate of speed in excess of thirty 
miles an hour for a distance of one-fourth of a mile shall be presumptive 
evidence of driving at a rate of speed which is not careful and prudent. 

28 8. Local Ordinance Prohibited. 

Except as herein othewise provided, local authorities shall have no 
power to pass, enforce or maintain any ordinance, rule or regulation re¬ 
quiring from any owner or chauffeur to whom this article is applicable, 
any tax, fee, license or permit for the use of the public highways, or ex¬ 
cluding any such owner or chauffeur from the free use of such public 
highways, excepting such driveway, speedway or road as has been or may 
be expressly set apart by law for the exclusive use of horses and light 
carriages or in any other way respecting motor vehicles or their speed 
upon or use of the public highways; and no ordinance, rule oi regulation 
contrary to or in any wise inconsistent with the provisions of this article, 
now in force or hereafter enacted, shall have any effect, pro\ided, how¬ 
ever, that the power given to local authorities to regulate vehicles offered 


21 


to the public for hire, and processions, assemblages or parades in the 
streets or public places, and all ordinances, rules and regulations which 
may have been or which may be enacted in pursuance of such powers shall 
remain in full force and effect; and provided, further that local author¬ 
ities may set aside for a given time a specified public highway for speed 
contests or races, to be conducted under proper restrictions for the safety 
of the public; and provided, further, that local authorities may exclude 
motor vehicles from any cemetery or grounds used for the burial of the 
dead, and may by general rule, ordinance or regulation exclude motor 
vehicles used solely for commercial purposes from any park or part of a 
park system where such general rule, ordinance or regulation is applic¬ 
able equally and generally to all other vehicles used for the same purposes; 
and provided, further, that nothing in this article contained shall impair 
the validity or effect of any ordinances regulating the speed of motor 
vehicles, or of any traffic regulations with regard to the operation of 
motor vehicles, heretofore or hereafter made, adopted or prescribed pur¬ 
suant to law in any city of the first class; provided, further, that the local 
authorities of other cities and incorporated villages may limit by ordinance, 
rule or regulation the speed of motor vehicles on the public highways, 
such speed limitation not to be in any case less than one mile in four 
minutes, and the maintenance of a greater rate of speed for one-eighth of 
a mile shall be presumptive evidence of driving at a rate of speed which 
is not careful and prudent, and on further condition that each city or vil¬ 
lage shall have placed conspicuously on each main public highway where 
the city or village crosses the same and on every main highway where 
the rate of speed changes, signs of sufficient size to be easily readable by 

a person using the highway, bearing the words, “City of -” or 

“Incorporated village of -”, “Slow down to - miles” (the 

rate being inserted), and also an arrow pointing in the direction where 
the speed is to be reduced or changed, and also on further condition that 
such ordinance, rule or regulation shall fix the punishment for violation 
thereof, which punishment shall, during the existence of the ordinance, 
rule or regulation, supersede those specified in subdivision two of Section 
29 0 of this chapter, but, except in cities of the first class, shall not exceed 
the same. Official copies of all local ordinances passed under the pro¬ 
visions of this subdivision shall be filed with the Secretary of State at 
least thirty days before they shall respectively take effect and all such 
local ordinances shall be printed in pamphlet form and issued at regular 
intervals by the Secretary of State. 

289. License of Chauffeurs; Renewals. 

1. License of chauffeurs. Application for license to operate motor 
vehicles, as a chauffeur, may be made, by mail or otherwise, to the Sec¬ 
retary of State or his duly authorized agent upon blanks prepared under 
his authority. The Secretary of State shall appoint examiners and cause 
examinations to be held at convenient points throughout the state as 
often as may be necessary. Such application shall be accompanied by a 
photograph of the applicant in such numbers and forms as the Secretary 
of State shall prescribe, said photograph to be taken within thirty days 
prior to the filing of said application and to be accompanied by the fee 
provided herein. Before such a license is granted, the applicant shall pass 


22 





such examination as to his qualifications as the Secretary of State shall 
require. No chauffeur’s license shall be issued to any person under eighteen 
years of age. To each person shall be assigned some distinguishing number 
or mark, and the license issued shall be in such form as the Secretary of 
State shall determine; it may contain special restrictions and limitations 
concerning the type of motor power, horse power, design and other fea¬ 
tures of the motor vehicles which the licensee may operate; it shall con¬ 
tain the distinguishing number or mark assigned to the licensee, his name, 
place of residence and address, a brief description of the license for the 
purpose of identification and the photograph of the licensee. Such dis¬ 
tinctive number or mark shall be of a distinctly different color each year 
and in any year shall be of the same color as that of the number plates 
issued for that year. The Secretary of State shall furnish to every chauf¬ 
feur so licensed a suitable metal badge with the distinguishing number 
or mark assigned to him thereon without extra charge therefor. This badge 
shall thereafter be worn by such chauffeur affixed to his clothing in a con¬ 
spicuous place, at all times while he is operating or driving a motor 
vehicle upon the public highway. Said badge shall be valid only during 
the term of the license of the dhauffeur to whom it is issued as aforesaid. 
Every person licensed to operate motor vehicles as aforesaid shall indorse 
his usual signature on the margin of the license, in the space provided for 
the purpose, immediately upon receipt of said license, and such license 
shall not be valid until so indorsed. Every application for license filed 
under the provisions of this section shall be sworn to and shall be accom¬ 
panied by a fee of five dollars, two dollars of which shall be for his exam¬ 
ination fee aforesaid and three dollars for license fee. The license here¬ 
under granted on or before August 1, 1910., shall take effect on that date, 
and licenses issued prior to January 31, 1911, shall expire on that date 
The fees for such licenses shall be one-half of the annual fees provided 
herein. 


2. Chauffeur’s licensed registration book. Upon the receipt of 
such an application, the Secretary of State shall thereupon file the same 
in his office, and register the applicant in a book or index which shall be 
kept in the same manner as the book or index for the registration of 
motor vehicles, and when the applicant shall have passed the examination 
provided for in the preceding section, the number or mark assigned to 
such applicant, together with the fact that such applicant has passed such 
examination, shall be noted in said book or index. 

3. Unauthorized possession or use of license or badge. No chauf¬ 
feur having been licensed as herein provided shall voluntarily permit any 
other person to possess or use his license or badge, nor shall any person 
while operating or driving a motor vehicle use or possess any license or 
badge belonging to another person, or a fictitious license or badge. 

4. Unlicensed chauffeurs cannot drive motor vehicle. No person 
shall operate or drive a motor vehicle as a chauffeur upon a public high¬ 
way of this state after the 1st day of August, 1910, unless such person 
shall have complied in all respects with the requirements of this section; 
provided, however, that a non-resident chauffeur, who has registered 
under provision of law of the foreign country, state, territory or federal 


23 


district of his residence substantially equivalent to the provisions of this 
section, shall be exempt from license under this section; and provided, 
further, he shall wear the badge assigned to him in the foreign country, 
state, territory or federal district of his residence in the manner provided 
in this section. 

5. Renewals. Such license shall be renewed annually upon the 
payment of same fee as provided in this section for the original license, 
such renewal to take effect on the first day of February of each year. The 
Secretary of State may refuse to issue or renew a license if he deems the 
applicant not qualified to receive such license, but the refusal of the 
Secretary of State may be reviewed by writ of certiorari. For renewals 
to take effect on and after February 1, 1912, the fee shall be two dollars. 
(As amended, Chap. 491, Laws 1911.) > 

2f)0. Punishment for Violation; Procedure. 

1. The violation of any of the provisions of Section 282, 283 and 
28 4 of this article shall constitute a misdemeanor punishable by a fine 
not exceeding fifty dollars. 

2. The violation of any of the provisions of Section 28 7 of this 
article shall constitute a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding 
one hundred dollars. 

3. Punishment for operating motor vehicle while in an intoxicated 
condition; for going away without stopping after accident and making*, 
himself known. Whoever operates a motor vehicle while in an intoxi¬ 
cated condition shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person operating 
a motor vehicle who, knowing that injury has been caused to a person or 
property, due to the culpability of the said operator, or to accident, leaves 
the place of said injury or accident, without stopping and giving his name, 
residence, including street and street number, and operator’s license num¬ 
ber to the injured party, or to a police officer, or in case no police officer 
is in the vicinity of the place of said injury or accident, then reporting 
the same to the nearest police station, or judicial officer, shall be guilty 
of a felony punishable by a fine of not more than five hundred dollars 
or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years, or both such fine 
and imprisonment; and if any person be convicted a second time of either 
of the foregoing offenses, he shall be guilty of a felony punishable by 
imprisonment for a term of not less than one year and not more than five 
years. A conviction of a violation of this subdivision shall be reported 
forthwith by the trial court or the clerk thereof to the Secretary of State, 
who shall upon recommendation of the trial court suspend the license of 
the person so convicted or if he be an owner the certificate of registration 
of his motor vehicle and, if no appeal therefrom be taken, or if an appeal 
duly taken be dismissed, or the judgment affirmed, and upon notice there¬ 
of by said clerk, the Secretary of State shall revoke such license or in 
the case of an owner the certificate of registration of his motor vehicle, 
and shall order the license or certificate of registration delivered to the 
Secretary of State, and shall not reissue to him said license or certificate 
of registration or any other license or certificate of registration unless 
the Secretary of State in his discretion, after an investigation or upon a 
hearing, decides to reissue or issue such license or certificate. 


24 


4. An} chauffeur operating a motor vehicle while his license is 
suspended or revoked shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

5. Any person who operates any motor vehicle while a certificate 
of registration of motor vehicle issued to him is suspended or revoked 
shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. 

6. Upon a third subsequent conviction of a chauffeur for a vio¬ 
lation of the provisions of Section 28 7, or an ordinance, rule or regula¬ 
tion regulating speed of motor vehicles under Section 28 8, the Secretary 
of State, upon the reccommendation of the trial court, shall forthwith 
revoke the license of the person so convicted and no new license shall be 
issued to such person for at least six months after the date of such con¬ 
viction nor thereafter except in the discretion of the said Secretary of 
State. 


7. The violation of any of the provisions of Section 289 of this 
ai tide shall constitute a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding 
fifty dollars, 

8. Any person making a false statement in the verified applica¬ 
tion for registration shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a 
fine of not exceeding fifty dollars. 

9. Any person violating any of the provisions of any Section of 
this article for which violation no punishment liras been specified, shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not exceeding twenty- 
five dollars. 

10. Certifying conviction to the Secretary of State. Upon the 
conviction of any person for a violation of any of the provisions of this 
article the trial court or the clerk thereof shall immediately certify the facts 
of the case, including the name and address of the offender, the judgment 
of the Court and the sentence imposed, to the Secretary of State, who 
shall enter the same either in the book or index of registered motor 
vehicles or in the book or index of registered chauffeurs, as the case may 
be, opposite the name of the person so convicted, and in tihe case of any 
other person, in a book or index of offenders to be kept for such purpose. 
If any such conviction shall be reversed upon appeal therefrom, the person 
whose conviction has been so reversed may serve on the Secretary of State 
a certified copy of the order of reversal, whereupon the Secretary of State 
shall enter the same in the proper book or index in connection with the 
record of such conviction. 

11. Release from custody, bail, etc. In case any person shall be 
taken into custody charged with a violation of any of the provisions of 
this article, he shall forthwith be taken before the nearest magistrate, 
captain, lieutenant, clerk of the court or acting lieutenant who shall have 
the power of a magistrate and be entitled to an immediate hearing or 
admission to bail, and if such hearing cannot then be had, be released 
from custody on giving a bond or undertaking, executed by a fidelity or 
surety company authorized to do business in this state, or other bail in the 
form provided by Section 568 of the code of criminal procedure, such bond 
or undertaking to be in an amount not exceeding one hundred dollars, if 


25 


the charge be for a misdemeanor, for his appearance to answer for sucn 
violation at such time and place as shall then be indicated. In case a 
person is taken into custody charged with being guilty of a felony in 
violation of any of the provisions of this article, such bond or undertak¬ 
ing shall be in an amount not less than one thousand dollars. On giving 
his personal undertaking to appear to answer any such violation at such 
time and place as shall then be indicated, secured by the deposit of a 
sum of money equal to the amount of such bond or undertaking, or in lieu 
thereof, in the case the person taken into custody is the owner, by leaving 
the motor vehicle, or in case such person taken into custody is not tthe 
owner, by leaving the motor vehicle as herein provided with a written 
consent given at the time by the owner who must be present, with such 
officer; or in case such person is taken into custody because of a violation 
of any of the provisions of this article other than on a charge of violating 
any of the provisions of subdivision three of Section 290 and such officer 
is not accessible, be forthwith released from custody on giving his name 
and address to the person making the arrest and depositing with such 
arresting officer the sum of one hundred dollars, or in lieu thereof, in 
case the person taken into custody is the owner, by leaving the motor 
vehicle, or in case such person taken into custody is not the owner, by 
leaving tihe motor vehicle with a written consent at the time by the owner 
who must be present; provided that, in any such case, the officer making 
the arrest shall give a receipt in writing for such sum or vehicle deposited 
and notify such person to appear before the most accessible magistrate, 
describing him, and specifying the place and hour. In case such bond or 
undertaking shall not be given or deposit made by the owner or other 
person taken into custody, the provisions of law in reference to bail, in 
cases of misdemeanor, shall apply. Where the charge is a violation of sub¬ 
division three of Section 29 0 of this article, the provisions of law in 
reference to bail in cases of a misdemeanor or a felony as the case may 
be shall apply exclusively. 

12. Holding defendant to answer where magistrate has not juris¬ 
diction to try offender; admitting to bail. In case the magistrate before 
whom any person shall be taken, charged with the violation of any pro¬ 
vision of this article, shall not have jurisdiction to try the defendant, but 
shall hold the defendant to answer as provided by Section 208 of the Code 
of Criminal Procedure, he shall admit such defendant to bail upon his 
giving a surety company’s bond or undertaking to appear to answer for 
such violation at such time and place as slhall then be indicated, or upon 
his giving a written undertaking in the form provided in Section 568 of 
the Code of Criminal Procedure in a sum not exceeding one hundred 
dollars, except that in a case where the defendant is charged with a vio¬ 
lation of any of the provisions of subdivision three of Section 29 0 of this 
article, the provisions of law in reference to bail in cases of a misdemeanor 
oi a felony as tihe case may be shall apply exclusively. 

13. Disposition and return of hail. Such bail as may be deposited 
as herein provided shall be held by the officer accepting the same or the 
clerk of the court. Upon the person who has been taken into custody 
and given security or bail for his appearance surrendering himself for 
trial and upon the conclusion of such trial the Court shall issue to the 


26 


defendant an order upon the magistrate or clerk of the Court or other 
officer authorized to accept bail to return or deliver back said security or 
bail as was given. 

14. A conviction of violation of any provision of this article 
shall not be a bar to a prosecution for an assault or for a homicide com¬ 
mitted by any person in operating a motor vehicle. 

291. Disposition of Registration Fees; Fines and Penalties. 

1. The registration fees provided herein shall be paid by the Sec¬ 
retary of State into the State treasury. 

2. Disposition of fines and penalties. On the first day of each 
month or within ten days thereafter all fines, penalties or forfeitures col¬ 
lected for violations of any of the provisions of this article or of any Act 
in relation to the use of the public highways by motor vehicles now in force 
or hereafter enacted, under the sentence or judgment of any Court, mag¬ 
istrate or other judicial officer having jurisdiction in the premises, shall 
be paid over by such Court, judge, magistrate or other judicial officer to 
the treasurer of the State, with a statement accompanying the same, setting 
forth the action or proceeding in which such moneys were collected, the 
name and residence of the defendant, the nature of the offense, and the 
fine, penalty, sentence or judgment imposed. On the first day of each month 
or within ten days thereafter, every judge, magistrate or clerk of a court 
having jurisdiction of the violation of any of the provisions of this article, 
shall make and forward to the treasurer of the State a verified report of 
all criminal actions or proceedings instituted or tried before him or it 
during the preceding calender month for violation of any of the provisions 
of this article, which report shall set forth the name and address of the 
defendants, the nature of the offenses and the fines and penalties collected 
or imposed by such Court, judge, magistrate or judicial officer which re¬ 
port shall be open to inspection during reasonable business hours to any 
citizen of the State. On or before the first day of February of each year, 
the treasurer shall transmit to each branch of the Legislature a statement 
showing the amount of the receipts under this article during the pre¬ 
ceding fiscal year paid into the State treasury. 

3. All moneys paid into the State treasury pursuant to this article 
shall be appropriated and used for the maintenance and repair of the im¬ 
proved roads of the State, under the direction of the State Commissioner 
of Highways. 

2 9 2. Rates of Toll on Motor Vehicles. 

Where a different rate is not otherwise prescribed or permitted by 
law, any person or corporation maintaining a plank-road, turnpike road 
or bridge and authorized, or which shall be hereafter authorized, to receive 
tolls for the passage of vehicles over the same, may charge and receive for 
each and every motor vehicle propelled by any power other than animal 
power, passing over the same, a toll rate not greatei than the maximum 
rate allowed by law to be charged and received for the passage of a vehicle 
drawn over such road or bridge by two animals, provided that for such 
motor vehicles designed to carry only two persons the rate of toll charged 


27 


or received shall not exceed the maximum rate allowed by law to be 
charged and received for the passage of a vehicle drawn over such road 
or bridge, without a load, by a single animal. 

29 3. Acts Repealed. 

All Acts or parts of Acts inconsistent with this article or contrary 
thereto are hereby expressly repealed. 

SPEED. 

4 5 4. Speed of vehicles. —The following rates of speed through the 
streets of the City shall not be exceeded, that is: 

Eight miles an hour by bicycles, tricycles, velocipedes and motor 
vehicles, however propelled, or by passenger and other vehicles drawn by 
horses or other animals, except that in portions of the city not built up, 
where the buildings are at least 100 feet apart, a speed of fifteen miles an 
hour may be maintained. (Id.,art. 2, sec. 1.) 

(The Board of Aldermen has no power to pass special resolutions 
for speed trials. Such trials in the public highway are nuisances for which 
the City may be liable. Johnson vs. City of New York, 109 App. Div. 821.) 

45 5. Exceptions. Nothing in this article shall apply to the appar¬ 
atus and wagons of the Fire and Police Departments, Bureaus of Build¬ 
ings, the Fire Patrol, ambulances, emergency repair wagons of street rail¬ 
roads, vehicles carrying the United States mail and emergency vehicles of 
any gas company operating in the City of New York. (Id., art, 2, sec. 2, 
as amended. April 6, 1910.) 

45 6. Excessive Speed Prohibited. No person riding, driving or in 
charge of any vehicle on any street, avenue, pathway or driveway in the 
City shall drive the same at a speed geater than reasonable and proper, 
having regard to the traffic and use of the highways, or so as to endanger 
the life or limb of any person. (Id., art. 2, sec. 3.) 

45 7. Speed in Crossing Streets and Turning. 

No vehicle shall cross any street or avenue running north and south 
or make any turn, at a speed rate exceeding one-half its legal speed limit. 
(Id., art. 2, sec. 4.) 


28 


IMPORTANT 


The reader should be thoroughly conversant with this Ordinance. 


AN ORDINANCE RELATIVE TO SPEED REGULATIONS, PROPOSED BY 
THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON SPEED REGULATIONS 
KNOWN AS FOLKS ORDINANCE. 


Be it ordained by the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York 
as follows: 

1. Rates of Speed—Limitations— Presumptions. No person shall 
operate, drive or propel, and no owner thereof riding thereon or therein 
shall cause or permit to be operated, driven or propelled, on any public 
highway in the City of New York, any bicycle, tricycle, velocipede, motor- 
tricycle, motor delivery wagon, or motor vehicle however propelled, or 
any vehicle drawn by horses or other animals, recklessly or negligently, 
or at a speed or in a manner so as to endanger, or to be likely to endanger 
the life or limb or property of any person. Provided, that a rate of speed 
exceeding fifteen (15) miles per hour shall constitute prima facie evidence 
of a rate of speed and manner of driving prohibited as aforesaid and of 
a violation of the provisions of this section; provided further, that a rate 
of sneed exceeding twenty (20) miles per hour shall constitute a rate of 
speed and manner of driving prohibited as aforesaid and in violation of 
the provisions of this section; provided further, however, that a rate of 
speed exceeding twenty-five (25) miles per hour on public highways where 
the same pass through country or outlying sections which are substan¬ 
tially undeveloped and sparsely settled, shall constitute a rate of speed 
and manner of driving prohibited as aforesaid and in violation of tihe 
provisions of this section. 

2. Turning Corners; Overtaking or Meeting Street Cars. In turn¬ 
ing a corner of meeting or intersecting public highways the person operat¬ 
ing, driving or propelling any vehicle subject to the provisions of section 
one (1) of this article shall not proceed, nor shall the owner of any such 
vehicle riding thereon or therein, cause or permit the same to proceed at 
a. rate of speed greater tliian four (4) miles per hour; and in overtaking 
or meeting a street passenger car which has been stopped for the purpose 
of receiving or discharging a passenger or passengers, no such vehicle 
aforesaid shall pass or approach within eight (8) feet of said street car 
so long as the same is so stopped and remains standing for the purpose 
aforesaid. 

3. Appro aching Bridges; Passing Public Schools. Upon approach¬ 
ing a bridge, or in passing a public school on school days between the 
hours of eight (8) o’clock ante-meridian and four (4) o’clock post-meri¬ 
dian, the person operating, driving or propelling any vehicle subject to 
the provisions of section one (1) of this article, shall not pioceed, nor 


29 





shall the owner of any such vehicle riding thereon or therein cause or 
permit the same to proceed at a rate of speed greater than ten (10) miles 
per hour. 

4. Application of Sections 1, 2 and 3. Nothing contained in any 
of the provisions of section one (1) as to specific rates of speed, or in any 
of the provisions of either section two (2) or section three (3) shall apply 
to any of the following vehicles, to wit: Vehicles carrying United States 
mails, wagons trucks and apparatus of the Fire Department, of the Police 
Department, of the Bureau of Buildings and of the military, emergency 
repair wagons of public service corporations, and ambulances, when in the 
performance of duty, and vehicles which rlhn only on rails and tracks. 

5. Violations; Punishment for First, Second, Third and Subse¬ 
quent Offenses. Any person who shall operate, drive or propel, and also 
any owner thereof riding thereon or therein who shall cause or permit 
any vehicle subject to the provisions of section one (1) of this article, 
to be operated, driven or propelled, in violotion of any of the provisions of 
this article, shall, upon conviction for the first offense, be punished by a 
fine of not less t'has twenty-five (25) dollars nor more than one hundred 
(100) dollars, or by imprisonment not to exceed fifteen (15) days, or by 
both; and shall, upon conviction for the second offense, within one (1) year 
from the commission of the first offense, be punished by a fine of not less 
than fifty (50) dollars, nor more than one hundred (100) dollars, or by im¬ 
prisonment not to exceed thirty days; or by both; and s'hall, upon con¬ 
viction for the third offense, and for each and every offense subsequent 
thereto, within one (1) year from the commission of the first offense, be 
punished by a fine of one hundred (100) dollars, or by imprisonment for 
a term not to exceed sixty (60) days, or by both. 

Provided, however, that in construing this section the unit of any 
one year slhall be the basis for determining “first,” “second” or “third” 
offense, the numerical order changing when succeeding convictions occur, 
and more than one year has elapsed after aa original “first,” “second” or 
“third” offense. 

6. Ordinances Repealed. All ordinances and parts of ordinances 
of the City of New York inconsistent with, or contrary to, the provisions 
of this article, are hereby expressly repealed, except that no ordinance 
regulating or prescribing the rate of speed of street passenger cars shall 
be impaired or affected in any manner by anything herein contained. 

7. Effective June 1st, 1913. 

Above Ordinance condensed in a few “Don’ts” 

1. Don’t drive recklessly or negligently, or at a speed or in a 
manner so as to endanger t'he life or property of any person. (It matters 
not at what rate of speed you are going so long as it endangers life or 
limb, you are guilty of violating the law.) 

2. Don t exceed 15 miles per hour, for that rate constitutes prima 
facie e\ idence that you may be violating the speed ordinance. 

3. Don’t exceed 20 miles per hour, for that rate of speed is posi¬ 
tively prohibited in the built-up section of the city. 


30 


4. Don’t exceed 2 5 miles per hour in undeveloped and sparsely 
settled sections of the city, for that is prohibited. 

5. Don’t exceed 4 miles per hour in turning street corners tlhat 
intersect other streets. 

6. Don’t pass or approach within 8 feet of a street car that has 
stopped for the purpose of receiving or discharging passengers. 

7. Don’t exceed 10 miles per hour when approaching a bridge 
between 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. 

8. Don’t exceed 10 miles per hour when passing a public school 
on school days between the 'hours of 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. 

Don’t forget that a violation of any of these “don’ts” will subject 
you to heavy penalties, and that ignorance of the law will not enable the 
magistrate to excuse you. 


LIGHTS 

4 58. Lights. Each and every vehicle using the public streets or 
highways of this City, except velhicles of licensed truckmen, shall show, 
between one hour after sunset and one hour before sunrise, a light or 
lights, so placed as to be seen from the front and each side; if dash lan¬ 
tern is carried it shall be placed on the left-hand side; such light or liglbts 
to be of sufficient illuminating power to be visible at a distance of 200 
feet; said light or lights shall show white in front, but may be colored on 
the sides, excepting licensed truckmen. Every automobile shall exhibit 
during the same period two lamps showing 'white ligliits visible at a dis¬ 
tance of 300 feet in the direction toward which the automobile is proceed¬ 
ing, and shall also exhibit a red light, visible in the reverse direction. 
The lamps shall be so placed as to be free from obstruction to light from 
other parts of said automobile. No operator of any automobile or other 
motor vehicle, while operating the same upon the public highway, within 
the City, shall use any acetylene, electric or other headlight, unless prop¬ 
erly shaded so as not to blind or dazzle other users of the highway, or 
make it difficult or unsafe for them to ride, drive or walk thereon. In the 
Borough of the Bronx, excepting south of Tremont avenue and 17 7th 
street, east of Jerome avenue and west of the Bronx river, and in the 
Boroughs of Richmond and Queens, and in the Twenty-sixth, Thirtieth, 
Thirty-first and Thirty-second Wards of the Borough of Brooklyn, every 
car or other vehicle between said hours, while moving on, along, or stand¬ 
ing upon the portion of streets in said Boroughs or parts of Boroughs, 
slhall also carry a light or lights of such illuminating power as to be 
plainly visible 200 feet, both ahead and behind said car or vehicle. 
(Amend, app. January 4, 1909.) 

PARK ORDINANCES, RULES AND REGULATIONS. 

14. No automobile or horseless vehicle shall be driven upon or 
over the drives of such public parks, parkways, squares or places at a 
greater speed than eight miles an hour. 


31 


An Ordinance to Compel the Use of Mufflers on Motor Vehicles. 

Be it Ordained, by the Board of Aldermen of the City of New York, 
as follows: 

Section 1. Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combus¬ 
tion engine, when such vehicle is on any street, road, avenue, park, park¬ 
way or public place within the city limits, shall, when such engine is run¬ 
ning, be equipped with a muffler or silencer, through which all of the ex¬ 
haust gases from the engine will escape into the atmosphere. 

Section 2. It shall be unlawful for the operator of any motor 
vehicle to use any cut-out, fitting or other apparatus or a device which 
will allow the exhaust gases to escape into the atmosphere without pass¬ 
ing through a suitable muffler or silencer as described in Section 1. 

Section 3. Any person violating the provision of this ordinance 
may upon the conviction thereof by any City Magistrate be fined a sum 
not exceeding $10, and in default of payment of such fine, may be com¬ 
mitted to prison by such City Magistrate until the same be paid, but 
such imprisonment shall not exceed ten days. 

AN ORDINANCE DEFINING AND REGULATING PUBLIC GARAGES IN 

CITY OF NEW YORK. 

Be it Ordained, by the Board of Aldermen of the City of New 
York, as follows: 

Sec. 1. A public garage is hereby defined as a place in whiclh 
space is rented for, or in which are stored, motor vehicles of any kind 
whatever to be let for hire at any time. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of each and every keeper of a public 
garage to record in a book kept solely for the purpose, the time of depart¬ 
ure from such garages of every motor vehicle kept for hire, giving t'he 
names and addresses of the owner and driver thereof, the name and class 
of vehicle, the license number of the vehicle; and the time of the return 
to the garage of each such vehicle shall also be entered in said book. 

Sec. 3. Said record book shall be open for inspection at all times 
to the representatives of the Police Department and the Bureau of Li¬ 
censes of the Mayor’s office. 

Sec. 4. Any person, either keeper or acting as keeper of a public 
garage, guilty of a violation of this ordinance, or any part thereof, shall, 
upon conviction thereof by any Magistrate, either upon confession of the 
party oi competent testimony, be fined as follows: For the first offense 
in a sum not less than ten dollars, and in default of payment of such fine 
committed to the City Prison, each day of such committal to be taken as 
liquidation of each dollar of such fine; for the second offense in a sum not 
less than twenty-five dollars, and in default of payment of such fine 
committal to the City Prison, each day of such committal to be taken as 
liquidation of each dollar of such fine or both. 


32 


EXTRACT FROM THE PENAL. LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 


1293-a. Unauthorized Use of Vehicles. 

Any chauffeur or other person who without the consent of the owner 
shall take, use, operate or remove, or cause to he taken, used, operated 
or removed from a garage, stable, or other building or place or from any 
place or locality on a private or public highway, park, parkway, street, 
lot, field, inclosure or space an automobile or motor vehicle, and operate 
or drive or cause the same to be operated or driven for his own profit, 
use or purpose, steals the same and is guilty of larceny and shall be 
punishable accordingly. 

(Added by L. 1909, Ch. 514 as amended by Ch. 621, L. 1911.) 
EXTRACT FROM THE LIEN LAW OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK. 

184, Laws of 1909, Chapter 38: A person keeping a garage, or 
a place for the storage, maintenance, keeping or repairing of motor 
vehicles,as defined by Article 2 of the Highway Law, and who, in connection 
therewith stores, maintains, keeps or repairs any motor vehicle, or fur¬ 
nishes gasoline or other supplies therefor, at the request, or with the 
consent of the owner, whether such owner be a conditional vendee or a 
mortgagor, remaining in possession, or otherwise has a lien upon such 
motor vehicle, for the sum due for such storing, miaintaining, keeping or 
repairing of such motor vehicle, or for furnishing gasoline or other supplies 
therefor, and may detain such motor vehicle at any time it may be law¬ 
fully in his possession, until such sum is paid. 


33 


ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK 


RULES OF THE ROAD; TRAFFIC REGULATIONS. 


Importance of keeping to the right in passing, turning, crossing 
and stopping. 


METHOD OF DRIVING VEHICLES. 

1. Vehicles Keep to the Right. 

A vehicle, except when passing a vehicle ahead, shall keep 
as near the right hand curb as possible. 

2. Vehicles Meeting. 

A vehicle meeting another shall pass to the right. 

3. Vehicles Overtaking Others. 

A vehicle overtaking another shall pass on the left side of 
the overtaken vehicle and not pull over to the right until entirely 
clear of it. 

4. On a Parkway, Walk or Sunken Viaduct. 

On an avenue or street, divided longitudinally by a park¬ 
way, walk, sunken way or viaduct, vehicles shall keep to the right 
of such division. 

5. Turning Corners to Right. 

A vehicle turning into another street to the right shall turn 
the corner as near the right hand curb as practicable. 

6. Turning Corners to the Left. 

A vehicle turning into another street to the left shall turn 
around the center of intersection of the two streets. 




A 




J V 


\ x 


1 



1 

1 

1 

1 


1 


Turn 


tJotthis way. 


34 





















7. Crossing a Street. 

A vehicle crossing from one side of the street to the other 
shall do so 



Correct wfcty islet this vvdy Northiaway. 


8. No vehicle shall stop with its left side to the curb except an established 

cab, hack and truck stands, and in street where and when one-way 
traffic is directed by white arrow signs. 

9. Racked Up to Curb. 

No vehicle shall stand backed up to the curb, except when 
actually loading or unloading, and if said vehicle is horse drawn 
and has four wheels, the horse or horses must stand parallel to the 
curb and faced in the direction of traffic, but no vehicle shall stand 
so backed up if it interferes with or interrupts the passage of 
other vehicles or street cars. 

10. Obstructing Crossings. 

No vehicle, unless in an emergency or to allow another 
vehicle or pedestrian to cross its path, shall stop in any public 
street or highway, except near the right hand curb thereof, and 
so as not to obstruct a crossing. 

11. Turning in Street. 

No vehicle shall back to make a turn in any street, if by so 
doing it interferes with other vehicles, but shall go around the 
block or to a street sufficiently wide to turn in, without backing. 


SIGNALS. 

1. In slowing up or stopping, a signal shall be given to those 
behind by raising the whip or hand vertically. 

2. In turning, while in motion, or in starting to turn from a 
standstill, a signal shall be given by raising the whip or hand, indicating 
with it the direction in which the turn is to be made. 

3. Before backing ample warning shall be given, and while back¬ 
ing unceasing vigilance must be exercised not to injure those behind. 

4. One blast of police whistle indicates that north and south 
traffic shall stop and that east and west traffic may proceed. Two blasts 
that east and west traffic must stop and that north and south traffic may 
proceed. Vehicles and street cars must stop so as not to interfere with 
the passage of pedestrians at the crossings. Three or more blasts is a 
signal of alarm and indicates the approach of a fire engine or some other 
danger. 

5. No vehicle shall be used on any street or highway unless pro¬ 
vided with lights and sound signals as prescribed by law. 


35 








RIGHT OF WAY. 


1. Police, Fire Department, Fire Patrol, Traffic Emergency 
Repair, U. S. Mail vehicles and Ambulances shall have the right of way in 
any street and through any procession. 

2. Subject to Sec. 1 of this article, everything being equal, all 
vehicles and street cars going in a northerly or southerly direction shall 
have the right of way over all vehicles and street cars going in an easterly 
or westerly direction. 

3. Subject to Sec. 1 of this article, street cars shall have the right 
of way between cross streets, over all other vehicles;and the driver of any 
vehicle, proceeding upon the track in front of a street car shall immediately 
turn out upon signal by tlhe motorman, driver or conductor of the car. 

4. No vehicle or street car shall so occupy any street as to inter¬ 
fere with or interrupt the passage of other street cars or vehicles. 

5. No vehicle shall be driven, during crowded traffic hours, on 
any crosstown street, where there are car tracks, except for such distance 
as may be reasonably necessary to reach the building to which it is going. 

6. A vehicle waiting at the curb shall promptly give place to a 
vehicle about to take on or let off passengers. 

7. The driver of a vehicle, on the approach of a fire engine or 
any other fire apparatus, shall immediately draw up said vehicle as near 
as practicable to the right-hand curb and parallel thereto and bring it to 
a standstill. 

8. The driver of a street car shall immediately stop said car and 
keep it stationary upon the approach of a fire engine or otlher fire appara¬ 
tus. 

VEHICLES. 

1. No one shall drive a vehicle that is so covered in or constructed 
as to prevent the driver thereof from having a sufficient view of the 
traffic following and at the sides of such vehicle. 

2. No one shall drive or conduct any vehicle in such condition, 
so constructed, or so loaded as to be likely to cause delay in traffic or 
accident to man, beast or property. 

3. No one shall so load a velhicle, or drive a vehicle so loaded, 
with iron or other material that may strike together without its being 
properly “deafened” so as to cause no unnecessary noise. 

4. No one shall drive a public, numbered, licensed or business 
vehicle who is less than 18 years of age. 

5. No one shall ride upon the rear end of any vehicle without 
the consent of the driver, and When so riding no part of the person’s body 
shall protrude beyond the limits of the vehicle. 

OBEDIENCE. 

1. Drivers of vehicles and street cars must at all times comply 


36 


with any direction by voice or hand, of any member of the Police force, 
as to stopping, starting, approaching or departing from any place, the 
manner of taking up or setting down passengers or loading or unloading 
goods in any place. 

2. Ignorance of these rules shall furnish no excuse for disregard¬ 
ing them. 


37 



SANITARY CODE OF THE BOARD OF HEALTH 

OF THE 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH 
CITY OF NEW YORK 


SECTION 181. SMOKE. No person shall cause, suffer or allow dense 
smoke to be discharged from any building, vessel, stationary or locomotive 
engine or motor vehicle, place or premises within the city of New York 
or upon the waters adjacent thereto, within the jurisdiction of said City. 
All persons participating in any violation of this provision, either as 
proprietors, owners, tenants, managers, superintendents, captains, en¬ 
gineers, firemen or motor vehicle operators or otherwise, shall be severally 
liable therefor. 

SECTION 1172. Any violation of said sanitary code slhall be treated and 
punished as a misdemeanor. Pecuniary penalties for violation of said 
sanitary code may be recovered in a civil action in the name of the 
Department of Health of the city of New York, before any justice or 
tribunal in said city, having jurisdiction of civil actions; and all justices 
and tribunals shall take jurisdiction of such action. 


38 



SUMMARY OF LOCAL ORDINANCES 

Of each town and city in the State of New York. 

Regulation of speed and traffic, and fines for disobedience in the 
cities and towns of New York State. 

ADDISON 

If in excess of one mile in four minutes or 15 miles an hour, guilty 
of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine not exceeding $5 0. 

AKEN 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or maintenance of a greater rate 
of speed for 1-8 of a mile, guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine 
not exceeding $50. 

ALBION 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, found guilty, shall pay to the 
village $25 with costs of the suit. 

AMSTERDAM 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or maintenance of a greater rate 
of speed for 1-8 of a mile, guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine 
not exceeding $5 0. 

ATTICA 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, found guilty, shall pay to the 
village $25 with costs of the suit. 

AUBURN 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine of not less 
than $10 or more than $100, or by imprisonment in the common jail of 
not less than thirty days or more than three months, or by both such fine 
and imprisonment for each offense. 

BABYLON 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding $100 for each offense. All motor vehicles 
are excluded from any cemetary grounds, and persons offending against 
this provision, shall be liable to the penalty of not more than $10 for each 
offense. 

RALLvSTON SPA 

If in excess of one mile in four minutes or 15 miles an hour, guilty 
of a misdemeanor and punishable by a fine not exceeding $50. 

BATAVIA 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour and maintenance of a greater rate 
of speed for 1-8 of a mile, shall constitute disorderly conduct, punishable 
by a fine not exceeding $100. 

BELLPORT 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or maintenance of a greater rate 


39 



of speed for 1-8 of a mile, guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine 
not exceeding $5 0. 

BUFFALO 

(3) No person shall use upon any motor vehicle on any street 
any horn or other noise-making device which will produce startling sounds 
or noises louder than is reasonably necessary to warn people of their 
approach. 

(4) Every person, firm, association or corporation owning, con¬ 
trolling, hiring, operating or driving any motor vehicle shall cause the 
same to be properly equipped with a good and sufficient muffler or 
silencing device which will control and diminish the sound of any ex¬ 
plosion of hire motor on any such motor vehicle as much as practicable, 
and shall use such muffler or silencing device or cause the same to be 
used, at all times when such motor vehicle is driven or being operated on 
any street. 

(6) No person, firm, association, or corporation owning, hiring, 
renting, operating or driving any motor vehicle, on any street shall permit 
the escape from the motor vehicle of any smoke, resulting from the com¬ 
bustion of oil or gasoline or both combined. 

(7) Every person operating a motor vehicle on any street shall 

drive the same in a careful and prudent manner and at a rate of speed 
so as not to endanger the property of another, or the life or limb of any 
person; provided, that a rate of speed on any street within any district, 
described in (a), (b) or (c) of this sub-division, in excess of the rate of 
speed therein specified, shall be presumptive evidence of driving such 
motor vehicle at a rate of speed which is not careful and prudent: 

(a) Ten miles an hour on Main street, south of Allen street 

and on Deleware avenue south of North street. 

(b) Fifteen miles an hour on any street, except as speci¬ 
fied in (a), within the district bounded by (and included within 

the exterior lines of) Porter avenue, The Circle, North street, East 
North street, Jefferson street between East North street and Best 
street, Best street between Jefferson street and Fillmore avenue, 
Fillmore avenue south of Best street, Smith street, the northerly 
bank of Buffalo river (by its various courses), from the line of 
Smith street extended to the easterly shore line of Buffalo harbor, 
and the said easterly shore line of said harbor to its intersection 
with Porter avenue. 

(c) Eighteen miles an hour on any street not included 
within (a) and (b). 

(8) A violation of any provision of this section shall be deemed 
disorderly conduct. Any person violating any provision of this section 
shall be liable to a penalty of not more than fifty dollars for each offense, 
to be recovered in a civil action, or upon being convicted thereof in a 
court of criminal jurisdiction, such person shall be subject to a fine of not 
more than fifty dollars and in case the person so convicted does not im¬ 
mediately pay such fine, he or she may be committed to the Erie county 


40 



penitentiary for the term of one day for each and every dollar of such 
fine not paid. A judgment for any penalty prescribed in this seetion may 
be recovered by execution against the person, as provided in section twenty- 
five of tJhe charter of the city. 

(9) This section shall become effective August first, nineteen 
hundred and ten. 

And be it further resolved, that subdivision one of section twenty- 
three of chapter four of the ordinances of the city of Buffalo be, and the 
same is, hereby amended so as to read as follows: 

23. (1) No person shall ride any bicycle, tricycle or any other 

vehicle, or drive or ride any horse or any vehicle drawn by a horse or 
horses or otherwise propelled in any street, lane or alley of the city out¬ 
side the district mentioned in subdivision four of this section at a faster 
rate than is prescribed for automobiles by section fifty-three of this chap¬ 
ter, nor shall any person ride any bicycle, tricycle or any other vehicle, 
or drive or ride any horse or any vehicle drawn by a horse or horses or 
otherwise propelled around any corner or intersection of any street, lane 
or alley of the city at a faster rate than five miles an hour. The fore¬ 
going provisions of this subdivision, however, shall be suspended with 
reference to Indian Church avenue, between the first day of December in 
every year and the following first day in April. 

CALEDONIA 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $25. 

CANANDAIGUA 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine of not 
less than $1 nor more than $50 for the first offense; not less than $10 
nor more than $50 for the second offense; not less than $10 nor more 
than $100 for third and each subsequent offense; and imprisonment until 
such fine is paid, not exceeding one day for each dollar of fine imposed. 

CANTON 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, guilty of a misdemeanor punish¬ 
able upon a first conviction, by a fine of $10, and upon a second and sub¬ 
sequent convictions by a fine of $25. 

CATO 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine of not 
less than $5 nor more than $25, or by imprisonment in the county jail for 
not more than 25 days, or both. 

CAYUGA 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine of not 
less than $5 nor more than $5 0, or by imprisonment in the county jail for 
not more than 50 days, or both. 

CHERRY VALLEY 

Speed restricted to 15 miles an hour. 


41 


COB LE SKILL 

Violation of a speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
less tlhan $10 nor more than $100 for each violation. 

COHOES 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not exceeding 

$50. 

COPENHAGEN 

Violation of a speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not 
less than $10 nor more than $50, or imprisonment for not less than 25 
days, or both. 

CORINTH 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding $25 or imprisonment in county jail not ex¬ 
ceeding 30 days, or both. 

CORTLAND. 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or one mile in four minutes for 
one-eighth of a mile guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $100. 

CROGHAN 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not exceeding 
$25 for first offense and $75 for every subsequent violataion and in de¬ 
fault of payment, imprisonment not exceeding one day for eaclh dollar of 
such fine imposed. 

DANSVILLE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or one mile in 4 minutes for 1-8 
of a mile, guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding $100. 

DUNKIRK 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour or one mile in 4 minutes for 1-8 
of a mile, guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not exceeding $100, 
and in default of payment, imprisonment for not over one day for each 
dollar of fine imposed. 

EAST AURORA 

Penalty for exceeding speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a 
fine not to exceed $50 for each offense. Signs denoting speed limits are 
placed at all highways entering the village. 

ELLENVILLE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not to exceed 

$25. 

ELLISBURG 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not to exceed 

$50. 

ELMIRA 

See Cortland. 

ELMIRA HEIGHTS 

See Cortland. 


42 



ELMSFORD 

See Cortland. 

FALCONER 

Seo Cortland. 

FORT 1*LAIN 

See Cortland. 

FREEPORT 

See Cortland. 

FREEVILLE 

See Ellenville. 

FRIENDSHIP 

Penalty of exceeding speed of 15 miles an‘hour, $50 fine for each 
and every offense. 

FREDONI A 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour guilty of a misdemeanor subject 
to a fine of $50 for each offense. 

FULTON 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine of not more 
than $100 nor less than $25 for eaclh offense. 

GLENS FALLS 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour constitutes disorderly con¬ 
duct punishable by a fine of $10 for each offense. 

GLOVERSVILLE 

See Cortland. 

GOUVERNEUR 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine of $10. 

GREENE 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not 
less than $10 nor more than $50 or imprisonment for not more than 50 
days. 

HEMPSTEAD 

See Cortland. 

HOLLY 

See Cortland. 

HOOSICK FALLS 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, punislhable by a fine of not 
less than $5 nor more than $50 and imprisonment until such fine is 
paid, not exceeding one day for each dollar of fine imposed. 

HUDSON 

See Cortland. 

INTERLAKEN 

Not to exceed 15 miles an hour for y s of a mile, punishable by a 
fine of $10, first offense; $25, second offense; $50, each subsequent offense. 


IRVINGTON 

See Cortland. 

ITHACA 

Violataion of speed of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not 
less than $10 nor more than $100. 

JOHNSTOWN 

See Binghamton. 

KINDERHOOK 

See Cortland. 

KINGSTON 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour guilty of a misdemeanor punish¬ 
able by a fine of not less than $50 for first effense and $50 or imprison¬ 
ment not exceeding 3 0 days, or both such fine and imprisonment for a 
second offense, and $50 or imprisonment not exceeding six months or by 
both for a third offense. 

LACKAWANA 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour, nor around any corner 
greater than 4 miles an hour. 

LAKE GEORGE 

See Fulton. 

LAKE PLACID 

Violation of a speed of 15 miles an hour subject to a fine not 
exceeding $25 for first offense; nor less than $25 nor more than $50 for 
a second offense, and not less than $50 or more than $100 or imprison¬ 
ment not exceeding ten days, or both for third or subsequent offense. 

LARCHMONT 

See Cortland. 

LITTLE FALLS 

See Cortland. 

LYNBROOK 

See Binghamton. 

MALONE 

See Cortland. 

MAMARONECK 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour punishable by a fine not exceed¬ 
ing $100 and in case of non-payment, imprisonment not exceeding one 
day for each dollar of such fine at the discretion of the court or magis¬ 
trate. No vehicle shall cross any street, avenue or turn at a speed rate 
exceeding one-half of its legal speed rate. 

MANLIUS 

See Binghamton. 

MASSENA 

See Addison. 


44 


MIDDLETOWN 

See Cortland. 

MILLERTOWN 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour guilty of disorderly conduct, 
punishable by a fine of not less than $5 nor more than $50 for any sub¬ 
sequent violation, in case of non-payment, imprisonment not exceeding one 
day for each dollar of such fine. 

MOUNT VERNON 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine for first conviction of $25, for second, $5 0, and for a third 
or subsequent offense, $100. 

MOUNT KISCQ 

See Cortland. 

NASS AN 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of $25 for 
each offense. 

NEW HARTFORD 

Violating speed of 15 miles an hour shall pay a fine of twenty-five 
dollars for each offense, and in case of non-payment, imprisonment not 
exceeding one day for each dollar of such fine. 

NEWPORT 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour and operataing with cut-out open, 
guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not more than $100, or 
in default, imprisonment not to exceed one day for each dollar of fine 
imposed. 

NEW ROCHELLE 

Vehicles must be fitted with a suitable alarm, such as gong, horn 
or bell; also proper lights visible two hundred feet in front, to be used 
half an hour after sunset until half an hour before sunrise; and muffler; 
muffler cut-out prohibited. Vehicles must not exceed a greater rate of 
speed than 15 miles an hour for y s of a mile. If exceeded, punishable 
by a fine not less than $100, and in default of payment, imprisonment not 
to exceed one day for each dollar of fine. 

NORWICH 

See Hartford. 

NYACK 

See Addison. 

OGDENSBURC 

See Caledonia. 

ONEIDA CASTLE 

See Caledonia. 


OSSINING 

See Addison. 


45 


OSWEGO 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of not less 
than $20 or more than $50 for each offense. 

PATCHOGUE 

See Addison. 

PEEKSKILL 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of not less 
than $10 or more than $2 5. 

PELHAM 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour, or 5 miles an Ihour upon 
approaching and traversing a street intersection, bridge, dam, sharp curve 
or steep ascent, or descent. If, exceeded, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding $100, or imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, 
or both. 

PERRY 

In excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of $25 for each 
violation thereof, violation of this ordinance shall be a disorderly person. 

PLATTSBURGH 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not exceed¬ 
ing $50 and not less than the sum of $3, and stand committed until sudh 
fine is paid, not exceeding, however, one day for each dollar of the fine. 

PLEASANTVILLE 

Violataion of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $50. 

PORT HENRY 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of $25, first 
offense; $5 0, second offense; and $100 for each subsequent offense. 

POUGHKEEPSIE 

See Cortland. 

PRATTSBURGH 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $5 0. 

ROCHESTER 

17. Speed limits. No person shall—■ 

Subd. (c.) Operate or run a motor vehicle on any public 
street within tlhe congested district as defined in this ordinance at 
a speed exceeding ten miles per hour, or upon any public street 
out side of said congested district and within one mile of the 
intersection of Main, Exchange and State streets, at a speed exceed¬ 
ing fifteen miles per hour; or upon any other public street at a 
speed exceeding eighteen miles per hour. This subdivision does 
not apply to motor cycles or bicycles. 

Subd. (d.) Drive, operate or run a vehicle with a recK- 
less or negligent disregard of the conditions then obtaining and 
the rights of others, or so as to endanger the life or limb of any 


46 



person or the safety of any property. The provisions of this sub¬ 
division shall apply to vehicles of all classes and descriptions, in¬ 
cluding surface cars and motor vehicles. 

Subd. (g.) All enclosed vehicles, including motor vehicles 
and excepting surface cars, shall have a glass or mirror so affixed 
on the left hand side therof as to enable the driver of such vehicles 
to see vehicles approaching from behind. 

No person shall open a muffler cut-out on a motor vehicle, 
motor cycle or motor bicycle within the limits of the city of Roches¬ 
ter, except on steep grades more than a mile distant from the 
intersection of Main and Exchange streets 

No motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor bicycle shall dis¬ 
play or have lighted within the city any light burning acetyline 
or gas formed from or by acetyline, any searchlight or any light 
with a reflector or lens; and in case the vehicle is equipped with 
headlights or sidelights, the acetyline headlights shall not be lighted 
or kept lighted. 

4 0. Penalties. Violation of this ordinance shall be punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars or by 
imprisonment, or by both such fine and imprisonment, or by a 
penalty not less than five dollars nor more than five hundred 
dollars to be recovered by the city of Rochester in a civil action. 

ROCKVILLE CENTER 

See Cortland. 

ROME 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $50 for each offense. 

RYE 

See Cortland. 

SALEM 

See Cortland. 

SARANAC LAKE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour for Vs of a mile, guilty of a mis- 
demanor, punishable by a fine of $10. 

S AU GERTIE S 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour for % of a mile, guilty of a mis¬ 
demeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $25 for each offense. 

SARATOGA SPRINGS 

See Saugerties. 

SCHENECTADY 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour, nor to operate with muffler 
cut-out open, nor without a muffler, nor use a warning signal other than 
a reed horn, except electric vehicles in which a bell not larger than five 
inches in diameter may be used. Garages and repair shops shall not per¬ 
form any work upon any vehicles that will cause an unusual amount of 
noise between the hours of 8:00 P. M. and 7:00 A. M., and at no time 
on Sundays. 


47 


OSWEGO 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of not less 
than $20 or more than $5 0 for each offense. 

PATCHOGUE 

See Addison. 

PEEKSKILL 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of not less 
than $10 or more than $2 5. 

PELHAM 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour, or 5 miles an Ihour upon 
approaching and traversing a street intersection, bridge, dam, sharp curve 
or steep ascent, or descent. If, exceeded, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding $100, or imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, 
or both. 

PERRY 

In excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of $25 for each 
violation thereof, violation of this ordinance shall be a disorderly person. 

PLATTSBURGH 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not exceed¬ 
ing $50 and not less than the sum of $3, and stand committed until suclh 
fine is paid, not exceeding, however, one day for each dollar of the fine. 

PLEAS ANT VILLE 

Violataion of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $5 0. 

PORT HENRY 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine of $25, first 
offense; $50, second offense; and $100 for each subsequent offense. 

POUGHKEEPSIE 

See Cortland. 

PRATTSBURGH 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $50. 

ROCHESTER 

17. Speed limits. No person shall— 

Subd. (c.) Operate or run a motor vehicle on any public 
street within tlhe congested district as defined in this ordinance at 
a speed exceeding ten miles per hour, or upon any public street 
out side of said congested district and within one mile of the 
intersection of Main, Exchange and State streets, at a speed exceed¬ 
ing fifteen miles per hour; or upon any other public street at a 
speed exceeding eighteen miles per hour. This subdivision does 
not apply to motor cycles or bicycles. 

Subd. (d.) Drive, operate or run a vehicle with a recK- 
less or negligent disregard of the conditions then obtaining and 
the rights of others, or so as to endanger the life or limb of any 


46 




person or the safety of any property. The provisions of this sub¬ 
division shall apply to vehicles of all classes and descriptions, in¬ 
cluding surface cars and motor vehicles. 

Subd. (g.) All enclosed vehicles, including motor vehicles 
and excepting surface cars, shall have a glass or mirror so affixed 
on the left hand side therof as to enable the driver of such vehicles 
to see vehicles approaching from behind. 

No person shall open a muffler cut-out on a motor vehicle, 
motor cycle or motor bicycle within the limits of the city of Roches¬ 
ter, except on steep grades more than a mile distant from the 
intersection of Main and Exchange streets 

No motor vehicle, motor cycle or motor bicycle shall dis¬ 
play or have lighted within the city any light burning acetyline 
or gas formed from or by acetyline, any searchlight or any light 
with a reflector or lens; and in case the vehicle is equipped with 
headlights or sidelights, the acetyline headlights shall not be lighted 
or kept lighted. 

4 0. Penalties. Violation of this ordinance shall be punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding one hundred and fifty dollars or by 
imprisonment, or by both such fine and imprisonment, or by a 
penalty not less than five dollars nor more than five hundred 
dollars to be recovered by the city of Rochester in a civil action. 

ROCKVILLE CENTER 

See Cortland. 

ROME 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a fine not 
exceeding $5 0 for each offense. 

RYE 

See Cortland. 

SALEM 

See Cortland. 

SARANAC LAKE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour for y s of a mile, guilty of a mis- 
demanor, punishable by a fine of $10. 

S AU GERTIE S 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour for y 8 of a mile, guilty of a mis¬ 
demeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $25 for each offense. 

SARATOGA SPRINGS 

See Saugerties. 

SCHENECTADY 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour, nor to operate with muffler 
cut-out open, nor without a muffler, nor use a warning signal other than 
a reed horn, except electric vehicles in which a bell not larger than five 
inches in diameter may be used. Garages and repair shops shall not per¬ 
form any work upon any vehicles that will cause an unusual amount of 
noise between the hours of 8:00 P. M. and 7:00 A. M., and at no tinie 
on Sundays. 


47 


SCHOHARIE 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, constitutes a misdemeanor 
punishable by a fine not to exceed $5 0. 

SEA CLIFF 

See Cortland. 

SHERMAN 

See Cortland. 

SOUTH NYACK 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour for y 8 of a mile, guilty of a mis¬ 
demeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $5 0 for a first offense, and 
not exceeding $100 for a second and third offense. 

SPRINGVILLE 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour for y 8 of a mile. 

SUFFERN 

Speed not to exceed 15 miles an hour; penalty upon conviction, 
not less than one nor more than ten dollars for the first offense, and not 
less than ten nor more than fifty dollars for each 1 subsequent offense. 

SYRACUSE 

See Cortland. 

TONAWANDA 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour shall be deemed a mis¬ 
demeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $5 0. 

TARRYTOWN 

See Cortland. 

TROY 

See Cortland. 

TUPPER LAKE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine of not more than $50 or less than $25. 

UPPER NYACK 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, guilty of a misdemeanor, punish¬ 
able by a fine not exceeding $50 for the first offense, or $100 for a second 
and each subsequent offense. 

UTICA 

Violation of speed of 15 miles an hour, shall be a misdemeanor, 
punishable by a fine not exceeding $25 for each offense. 

VOORHEESVILLE 

A iolation of speed of 15 miles an hour, shall be a misdemeanor, 
punishable by a fine not exceeding $50. 

WATERTOWN 

See Cortland. 

WATERVILLE 

If in excess of 15 miles an hour, punishable by a penalty of not less 
than $5 nor more than $25. 


48 


YONKERS 

1. The rate of speed of motor vehicles on the streets of the city 
of Yonkers shall not exceed fifteen miles an hour, except in tlhe follow¬ 
ing instances, viz: On Warburton avenue, north of Odell avenue, a speed 
not exceeding twenty-three miles an hour; on North Broadway, north of 
Roberts avenue, a speed not exceeding twenty-three miles an hour; on 
Central Park avenue, north of Midland avenue, a speed not exceeding 
twenty-three miles an hour; on both Nepperham avenue and Saw Mill 
River road, north of Roberts avenue, a speed not exceeding twenty-three 
miles an hour; on both the Sprain road and Grassy Sprain road and on 
the Tuckahoe road, a speed not exceeding twenty-three miles an hour; 
and the Commissioner of Public Safety is hereby directed to erect proper 
signs on each main public highway where the city line crosses the same, 
and on each of the streets above named, at the points thereon where the 
rate of speed changes, as herein prescribed, as required by section two 
hundred and eighty-eight of chapter three hundred and seventy-four of 
the laws of nineteen hundred and ten of this State, and also to erect on 
every street on which is located a school house, at a point distant not 
more than two hundred yards nor less than one hundred and fifty yards 
on each side of such school house, a sign of sufficient size to be easily 
readable by a person using the highway with a motor vehicle, bearing the 
words, “Schoolhouse ahead—automobiles slow down.” 

2. Any person violating this ordinance shall be guilty of a mis¬ 
demeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $100. 

3. This ordinance shall take effect on the first day of December, 
nineteen hundred and ten. 



SUMMARY OF THE AUTOMOBILE 
LAWS OF EACH STATE 


WHERE TO REGISTER, FEES, LICENSE PLATES, RENEWALS, 
EXAMINATIONS, SPEED REGULATIONS, STOP-OVER 
PRIVILEGES, ETC., BRIEFLY DESCRIBED. 


ALABAMA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Montgomery. 

Car licenses—Less than 20 H. P. $7.50; under 30 H. P. $12.50; 
under 40 H. P. or more $20; garage $100. 

Above licenses to be renewed annually, beginning October 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license—Original $5, renewal $2.50. This license to 
be renewed annually, beginning October 1st. 

No examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Not in excess of 30 miles an 'hour for % of a mile. 

ARIZONA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Phoenix. 

Car license—40 H. P. or less $5; over 4 0 H. P. $10. Manufac¬ 
turers and dealers, one registration, 5 0 cents for each additional seal. 

Above licenses to be renewed annually. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

Chauffeur’s license $5. No examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Not to exceed 10 miles an hour in closely built-up sections; 
elsewhere in city or town 15 miles an hour; open country 30 miles. 

ARKANSAS 

Apply for registration, Sheriff of your county. 

Car license, $10. Manufacturers and dealers one $10 license for 
each class of car, renewed annually beginning January 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $1 running one year from date of filing. No 
examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 


50 




Speed—Not in excess of 15 miles for y s of a mile in cities or towns, 
and 20 miles for % of a mile in open country. 

CALIFORNIA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Sacramento. 

Car license, $2. Less than 25 H. P. $5; 25 to 3 0 H. P. $10; 
30 to 40 H. P. $15; 40 to 50 H. P. $20; 50 to 60 H. P. $25; 60 and over 
$30. Manufacturers and dealers $50 for 5 machines and $10 in excess of 
5. Manufacturers one-half of above fees. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2. Renewal $2. jNo examination required. 
Licenses renewed annually from date of issue. Free use of highway 
allowed non-residents temporarily, 3 months. 

Speed—Cities 15, and open country 3 0 miles an hour. 

COLORADO 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Denver. 

Car licenses, up to 20 H. P. $2.50; 21 to 40 $5; 41 up $10. Trade 
$5 for 5 cars. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning January 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2 renewed annually beginning January 1st. 
No examination required. 

Free use of the highway allowed non-residents for 3 0 days. 

Speed—No general speed limits. 

CONNECTICUT 

Apply for registration, Sectratary of State at Hartford. 

Car licenses, 5 0 cents per H. P. Manufacturers $1 each for not 
less than 25 machines. Dealers $20. 

Above licenses renewed annually January 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

All operators licensed, Chauffeur or owner $2, renewed annually 
beginning March 1st. No examination required for operators. 

Free use of the highways allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Not in excess of 2 5 miles an hour for y s of a mile. 


DELAWARE 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Dover. 

Car licenses $5. Trade $5 for each car with same number, renewed 
annually beginning January 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State, except to the trade. 

All operators licensed, Chauffeur or owner $5, family license $8; 
renewed annually beginning January 1st. No examination lequiied. 


51 




Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Not in excess of 25 miles an hour. 

KANSAS 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Topeka. 

Car license, $5. Automobile trade must register one car of each 
class, license to be renewed annually beginning July 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

No license or examination required for operators. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents for 3 0 days only. 

Speed, cities or towns, 12 miles an hour; open country, 25 miles 
an hour. 

KENTUCKY 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Frankfort. 

Car licenses less than 25 H. P., $5; less than 50 H. P., $10; 50 H. P. 
and over, $20. Automobile trade, one registration required for each class 
of car. 

Licenses renewed annually from date of filing. 

Number tags furnished by the owner. 

No operators license and no examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed, not in excess of 10 and 15 miles an hour for 1-8 of a mile, 
open country 2 0 miles per hour for 1-4 of a mile. 

MAINE 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Augusta. 

Car licenses, 2 0 H. P. and under, $5; 21 to 3 5 H. P., $10; over 35 
H. P., $15. Automobile trade, $25, registering all vehicles. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

All operators licenses $2 (includes chauffeurs and owners) to be 
renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Examiation is optional with Secretary of State. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents for 3 0 days only. 

Speed, cities and towns, 10 miles an hour; open country, 2 5. 

MARYLAND 

Apply for registration, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles at Balti¬ 
more. 

Car licenses, 10 H. P., $5; 20 H. P., $10; 30 H. P., $15; 40 H. P., 
$20; over 40 H. P., $25. Automobile trade, $6 per car, or $100 total with 
no car limit. 




Above license renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Operators license, $2 for owners, need not be renewed, runs in¬ 
definitely. 

Chauffeur’s license $5, renewed annually, from date of issue. 

Free use of 'highway allowed non-residents for 10 days only. 

Speed—Not to exceed 18 miles an hour for cities, nor 25 miles an 
hour for open country. 

MASSACHUSETTS 

Apply for registration, State Highway Commissioner at Boston. 

Car licenses.—Under 20 H. P., $5; 20 to 29 H. P., $10; 30 to 39 
H. P., $15; 40 to 49 H. P., $20; 50 H. P. up, $25. Automobile trade, $5 
per car. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

All operators license—Original for owner and chauffeur, $2, re¬ 
newal annually beginning from date of issue. 

Examination required of chauffeur, with examination fee of $2. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents 10 days in a year, but 
special license issued during summer months, July, August, and September 
at one-half annual fee. 

Speed—Not in excess in cities and towns of 15 miles an hour for 
1-8 of a mile, open country 2 0 miles for 1-8 of a mile. 

MICHIGAN—Effective Jan. 1st, 1914. 

Apply for registration. Secretary of State at Lansing. 

Car licenses, 5 0 cents per H. P. Manufacturers and dealers, $50 
for 5 cars and $10 per car over 5 cars. $10 for duplicate plates in 
excess of first 5 issued with license. Motor cycles, motor trucks and 
Taxi-cabs 5 0 cents per H. P. 

Above licenses to be renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2, renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

No examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. , 

Speed—Business portions 10 miles an 'hour; elsewhere, city and 
town, 15 miles an hour; open country 25 miles an hour permissable. 

MINNESOTA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at St. Paul. 

Car licenses, $1.50; Automobile trade $10 with $1 for each set of 
duplicate tags. 


55 




Above license must be renewed once in every three years, beginning 
Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $3 first year, and $2 annually thereafter, begin¬ 
ning Jan. 1st. 

Chauffeur’s examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents, tourists only. 

Speed—Cities 15 miles an hour for 1-8 of a mile; open country, 
25 miles an hour for 1-4 of a mile. 

MISSISSIPPI 

Apply for registration, State Auditor at Jackson. 

Car licenses, $5 up to 25 H. P.; 26 to 40 H. P., $15; 41 to 49 H. P., 
$20; 50 H. P. or over, $25. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning June 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

No chauffeur’s license required, therefore no fee, no renewal and no 
examination. 

No speed laws designated. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents for 30 days only. 

MISSOURI 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Jefferson City. 

Car licenses—Up to 12 H. P., $2; 12 to 23 H. P., $3; 24 to 35 H. P., 
$5; 36 to 47 H. P., $7; 48 to 59 H. P., $8; 60 to 71 H. P., $10; 72 H. P., 
up, $12. Automobile trade, $10. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Feb. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $1.50, renewed annually beginning Feb. 1st. 
No examination required. 

Free use of highway by non-residents for 2 0 days only. 

Speed—Not to exceed 25 miles an hour for y 2 mile. 

NEBRASKA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Lincoln. 

Car license, $2. Automobile trade must register one vehicle of 
each class. 

Above license renewed one year from date issued. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

Operator’s license—None required, no fee, no renewal, no exam¬ 
ination. 



Free use of highway for non-residents for 3 0 days only. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Concord. 

Car licenses—Up to 15 H. P., $10; 16 to 30 H. P., $15; 31 to 40 
H. P., $20; 41 to 50 H. P., $25; 51 to 60 H. P., $30; over 60 H. P., $40. 
Automobile trade, $40 plus one-half fees. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

All operators require licenses, owners’ original license, $3; Chauf¬ 
feur’s original license, $5; owner and chauffeur’s license thereafter $1. 

These licenses to be renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents, running 10 days, con¬ 
tinuously, but special license issued for summer months, July, August and 
September at one-half annual fee. 

Speed—15 miles an hour for 1-8 of a mile, city or town; open 
country, 25 miles an hour for 1-4 of a mile. 

NEW JERSEY 

Apply for registration, Commissioner of Motor Vehicles at Trenton. 

Car licenses—10 H. P. or less, $4.50; 11 to 29 H. P., $7.50; 30 
H. P. or more, $15; and $5 per car. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Automobile tags furnished by the State. 

Operator’s licenses—Less tlhan 3 0 H. P., $2; 30 H. P. and over, $4 
Renewed annually, beginning Jan. 1st. 

Examinataion required for all operators, owners or chauffeurs. 
Speed—Cities 12 miles an hour; open country 2 5 miles an hour. 

NEW MEXICO 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Santa Fe. 

Car license—Less than 12 H. P., $2; 12 to 19 H. P., $4; 20 to 29 
H. P., $6; 30 to 39 H. P., $8; 40 to 49 H. P., $10; 50 or more H. P., $12. 
Automobile dealers $12. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

No operator’s license required, therefore no fees, no renewal, and 
no examination. > 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—No general speed limits. 

NEW YORK 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Albany, New Yoik 
and Buffalo. 


57 





Car licenses—25 H. P. or less, $5; 25 to 34 H. P., $10; 35 to 49 
H. P., $15; 50 H. P. up, $25. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Feb. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $5 for original, $2 for renewal, $3 for license 
fee and $2 for examination; renewed annually beginning Feb. 1st. 

Examination for chauffeurs only. 

Speed—15 miles an hour cities and towns; 3 0 miles an hour in 
undeveloped and sparsely settled sections. 

NORTH CAROLINA 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Raleigh. 

Car licenses—Up to 25 H. P., $5; 25 to 40 H. P., $7.50; over 40 
H. P., $10. Automobile trade, $10; duplicate plates $1. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

No operator’s license required therefore no fees, or renewal, and no 
examination. 

Free use of highway for non-residents, tourists only. 

Speed—Business portion, city or town, 10 miles an hour; resident 
districts, 15 miles an hour; open country, 25 miles an hour. 

NORTH DAKOTA. 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Bismark. 

Car licenses, $3.00. renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

License tags furnished by the State. 

No operator’s license required therefore no fees, no renewal and 
no examination. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Cities and towns, 10 miles an hour, open highway, 30 miles 
an hour. 

OHIO 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Columbus. 

Car licenses—Gasoline and steam vehicles, $5; electrics, $3; auto¬ 
mobile trade, $10 for each make (motive power) of machine. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

No examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—15 miles an hour; closely built up sections 8 miles an hour; 
open country, 20 miles an hour. 

OREGON 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Salem. 


58 


Car licenses—Electric vehicle, $3 and $5; gasoline, 26 H. P. cars, 
$3; 27 to 36 H. P., $5; 37 to 40 H. P., $7.50; above 40 H. P., $10. Auto¬ 
mobile dealers, $10. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2; after August 1st, 1913, $1, renewed annu¬ 
ally beginning Jan. 1st. , 

No examination required. 

Free use of highway for 30 days allowed non-residents. 

Speed—25 miles an hour. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

Apply for registration. State Highway Dept, at Harrisburgh. 

Car licenses—Up to 20 H. P., $5; 20 to 49 H. P., $10; 50 H. P. 
up, $15. Automobile trade, $5 per car, 5 cars per application. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2, renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

No examination required except those under 18 years of age who 
must receive a special license. 

Free use of highway allowed for 10 days only. 

Speed—2 4 miles an hour. 

RHODE ISLAND, 

Apply for registration, State Board of Public Roads at Providence. 

Car licenses—20 H. P. or less, $5; over 20 H. P., $10; over 30 H. 
P., $15; over 40 H. P., $25. Automobile trade, $50. 

Above licenses to be renewed annually from date of issue. 

All operators must pay license fee of $1 (includes owners and 
chauffeurs), renewed annually from date of issue. 

Examination required (must show knowledge to operate). 

Free use of highway allowed 20 days in one year. 

Speed—Cities and towns, 15 miles an hour; open country, 25 miles 
an hour. 

SOUTH CAROLINA 

Apply for registration, Clerk of the County Court. 

Car license, $1.00, runs indefinitely. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

No operator’s license, renewal or examination required. 


59 



Free use of highway not allowed non-residents indefinitely. 

Speed—15 miles an hour. 

SOUTH DAKOTA 

Apply for registration, County Treasurer. 

Car license, $6.00. Automobile trade, $10; $1 for set of duplicate 

plates. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

No operators license, renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—25 miles an hour. 

TENNESSEE 

Apply for registration. Secretary of State at Nashville. 

Car licenses, $2 to the Secretary of State’s office, and $1 to the 
County Clerk’s office. 

Above license requires no renewal, runs indefinitely. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

No operator’s license, renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway not allowed non-residents indefinitely. 

Speed—20 miles an hour. 

TEXAS 

Apply for registration, County Clerk’s Office. 

Car license, 5 0 cents, no renewal, runs indefinitely. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

No operator’s license, renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway not allowed non-residents indefinitely. 

Speed—City or town, 8 miles an hour; open country 18 miles an 

hour. 

UTAH 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Salt Lake City. 

Car licenses, $2.00. Manufacturers and dealers, $2 for each style 
of machine. 

No renewal required, licenses run indefinitely. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2, no renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents, temporarily. 




60 


1 

Speed City or town 15 miles an hour; closely built up sections, 
10 miles an hour; open country, 20 miles an hour. 

VERMONT 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Montpelier. 

Car licenses, 1st year, $1 per H. P.; 2nd year, 75 per cent, of 1st; 
and 3rd year, 5 0 per cent, of 1st year registration. Automobile trade $25. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

All operator’s licenses (owner and chauffeur) $2, renewed annually 
from date of issue. 

Examination optional with Secretary. 

Free use of the highway allowed non-residents. (Registration will 
be accepted for 3 months for one-fourth annual fees). 

Speed—City or town, 10 miles an hour; open country, 25 miles an 

hour. 

VIRGINIA. 

Apply for registration, Secretary of Commonwealth at Richmond. 

Car licenses—20 H. P. or less, $5; over 20 H. P. and under 45 H. 
P., $10; 45 H. P. and over, $20. Automobile trade, $50. 

Above licenses issued annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

i 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

Chauffeur’s license, $2.50, renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 
No examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents, two periods of seven 
days each. 

Speed—Cities 8 miles an hour; open country, 2 0 miles an hour. 
WASHINGTON 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Olympia. 

Car license, $2.00, renewed annually beginning June 1st. 

Number tags furnished by owner. 

No operator’s license, renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Business portion of city or town, 12 miles an hour; open 
country 24 miles an hour. 

WEST VIRGINIA. 

Apply for registration, State Auditor at Charleston. 

Car licenses, $10.00, renewed annually beginning July 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 


61 


Chauffeur’s license, $2.00, runs indefinitely, therefore no renewal 
required. 


No examination required. 


Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Cities, 15 miles an hour; open country, 2 0 miles an hour. 
WISCONSIN 

Apply for registration, Secretary of State at Madison. 

Car licenses, $5. Automobile trade $5 (for each garage with four 
number tags), additional tags $1. 

Above licenses renewed annually beginning Jan. 1st. 

Number tags furnished by the State. 

No operator’s license, renewal or examination required. 

Free use of highway allowed non-residents. 

Speed—Cities and towns, 15 miles an hour; open country, 25 miles 
an hour, 8 miles an hour, through parks, cemeteries or past school grounds. 

No local automobile ordinances. 


Lusted below are the States permitting free use of their highways. 


Alabama—Effective Oct. 1, 1911. 
Arizona. 

Arkansas. 

California (Temporarily). 

Colorado—3 0 days. 

Connecticut. 

Delaware. 

District of Columbia. 

Florida—30 days. 

Georgia—3 0 days. 

Idaho. 

Illinois—60 days. 

Indiana. 

Iowa. 

Kentucky. 

Kansas—30 days. 

Maine—30 days. 

Manitoba—3 0 days. 

Maryland—10 days. 

Massachusetts—10 days in one year. 
Michigan. 

Minnesota—Tourist, 3 0 days. 
Mississippi—30 days. 

Missouri—2 0 days. 


Nebraska—3 0 days at a time. 

New Hampshire—10 days contin¬ 
uously . 

New Jersey 15 days. 

New Mexico. 

New York. 

North Carolina—Tourist, 15 days. 
North Dakota—Temporarily. 

Nova Scotia. 

Ohio. 

Oregon—30 days. 

Pennsylvania—10 days. 

Quebec—3 consecutive months. 
Rhode Island—20 days in one year. 
South Carolina—Temporarily. 

South Dakota. 

Tennessee—Temporarily. 

T ex a s—Temporarily. 

Utah—Temporarily. 

Vermont. 

Virginia—2 periods of 7 days each. 
Washington. 

West Virginia. 

Wisconsin. 


62 


~\ 


Various Series of Numbers Used by the Automobile 
Licensing Dept, of New York 


1 to 999, Reserved owners (Private). 

1000 to 2999, Dealers—Preceeded by prefix “M”. 

3000 to 12999, Commercial Vehicles—Headed by “Commercial” at top 
of plate. 

13,000 to 99,999, Owners regular series. 

AI to 9,999, Owners regular series. 

BI to 9,999, Owners regular series. 

C3,000 to 9,999, Commercial Vehicles—Headed by “Commercial” at top 
of plate. 

DI3,000 to 9,999, Owners regular series. 

EI3,000 to 9,999, Owners regular series. 

FI3,000 to 9,999, Owners regular series. 

Other letter prefix will be added as numbers in series are used up. 


/ 


63 




PART II 


CHAUFFEUR’S QUESTIONS ANSWERED 


Questions asked by applicants applying for licenses at the Automobile 

Bureau. 


1. Q. I want to become a licensed chauffeur, what must I do? 

A. Obtain a license to operate a car. 

2. Q. What must 1 do first to obtain a license 

A. Either write asking for application blanks or visit personally, one 
of tire Central Automobile Bureaus. 

3. Q. How do I fill out the application blanks correctly? 

A. Answer all the questions given, swear to them before a notary 
public, have two citizens who know you personally sign their 
names as witnesses, and have two recent photographs 1 % 
inches in diameter, pasted on the application. 

4. Q. What do you mean by application blank? 

A. A blank form with printed questions, which must be answered 
correctly and sworn to before a Notary, to be mailed to or left 
at the Bureau, that your application may be considered by the 
examining board before the examination may be taken. 

5. Q. After filing my application with the office, how long must I wait 

before taking my examination? 

A. The office will notify you when to appear. 

6. Q. My application accepted and examination passed, when will I receive 

my chauffeur’s card? 

A. About three days later. 

7. Q. What questions are asked in the application blanks? 

A. Questions as to: age, color, height, weight, color of hair, eyes, how 
long and how many miles you have driven a car, have you ever 
been arrested, are you familiar with the rules of the road, High¬ 
way Law of State of New York, do you use liquor, drugs, wear 
glasses, employment, name, address, etc. 

8. Q. Is it necessary that a photograph of myself be taken on original and 

renewal of application? 

A. Yes. Two for original and renewal, each 1 % inches in diameter to 
be pasted on the blank form and sent or left at the city Bureau’s 
office. 

9. Q. What questions, and how many are necessary for the written or oral 

electric or gasoline examination. 

A. Several technical questions, some law questions and road questions. 
Written examination contains 7 technical questions, 5 legal and 


64 




ot the road questions, the electric contains 6 technical, 6 legal, 
and 3 on rules of the road. 

10. Q. It I should lose my license, how would I obtain another? 

A. See page 14. 

11. Q. What do you mean to amend a license? 

A. Add to your license to operate one type of vehicle, another license 
to operate any other type of vehicle (gasoline, electric or steam). 

12. Q. If I lose my badge or card, how will I obtain a new one? 

A. See page 14. 

13. Q. If I lose my card or license, will I be charged for a new one? 

A. Yes, one dollar. 

14. Q. If I don’t pass the written or oral examination, do I get another 

chance? 

A. Yes, as many as desired providing conditions are fulfilled as com¬ 
munication you will receive as shown. 


State of New York. 

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE. 

Automobile Bureau 

Broadway and 7 4th St., New York City 


Dear Sir:—■ 

The records of your tests on file in this Bureau, show that you have 
failed for the third time in your examination to qualify satisfactorily for 
a chauffeur’s license. 

These repeated failures seem to indicate that you are not likely ever 
to attain the necessary efficiency. Before another examination is given 
you, you must furnish satisfactory proof of the fact that you have had 
more practice, and are liable to show improvement, if another test is given 
you. 

When you are able to comply with these regulations, you may 
appear at this office, bringing this letter with you, and ask to see the 
Chief Examiner. 

If you do not desire to attempt further to obtain a chauffeur’s 
license, you are entitled to a refund of your license fee. 

Respectfully yours, 

Mitchell May 
Secretary of State 

Above shows form of letter received by those who have failed three 
times in their examinations. 

15. Q. Do I get more than three chances to pass the Road test? 

A. Yes. See answer above. 

16. Q. What is the chauffeur’s license fee? 

A. $5.00, $3 for license fee and $2 for examination fee. 

17. Q. When do I have to pay the license fee? 

A. When you file your application. 


65 


18. Q. How long does the license run? 

A. One year, from February 1st to January 31st. 

19. Q. Do I have to get a license every year? 

A. Yes, called a renewal. 

20. Q. What is a renewal? 

A. A card has to be filled out with a fee of $2.00, allowing you to 
operate an automobile another year. 

21. Q. How much is the renewal fee? 

A. $2.00. 

22. Q. When should I apply for a renewal card? 

A. Two or three months before Feb. 1st. 

23. Q. How long does the renewal license run? 

A. One year. 

2 4. Q. Am I examined physically? 

A. No. 

25. Q. What physical incapabilities will prevent my application being 

accepted. 

A. Serious defects of eyesight, hearing and any other known trouble 
that might cause you to lose control of the car. 

26. Q. Do I have to take a written or road test examination to get a re¬ 

newal license? 

A. No. 

2 7. Q. If I am a licensed chauffeur in one state and wish to drive in 
another state, do I have to pass the examination of that state? 

A. No. Upon presenting your license card, it may be exchanged for 
the license in the state you wish to drive. 

28. Q. What States in the Union is it necessary to take examination for 

chauffeur’s license? 

A. New York, Massachussetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Illinois, and 
New Jersey. 

29. Q. What percentage do I have to get to pass the examination? 

A. The road test must be perfect, the oral must average 50 per cent or 
more. 

30. Q. If I decide after paying my fee of $5.00 not to take the examina¬ 

tion, can I get the money back? 

A. Yes, but when you have taken one of the examinations, then you 
can only get back $3.00. 

31. Q. How often are the examinations 'held? 

A. Every day in New York City, but held by appointment in other 
cities. 

32. Q. If I fail to pass my examination, when may I take another? 

A. After thirty days, you will be notified by mail when to appear 
again. 


66 




33. Q. Having failed twice, when should I try again for examination? 

A.. After three months, you will be notified by mail when to appear 
again. 

34. Q. Having failed three times, may I try again? 

A* Yes, after having withdrawn your $3.00 and filed another applica¬ 
tion with a deposit of $5.00. 

35. Q. When may I withdraw $3.00 of my original $5.00 after failing in 

* my examination? 

A. At the office only during the first four or five working days in each 
month. 

36. Q. Do I have to furnish my own machine for road testing if I take my 

examination anywhere except in New York City. 

A. Yes, until the latter part of the year 1913. 

37. Q. W'hat kind of a machine can I use for road test, outside New York 

district? 

A. If applying for gasoline license, any type of gasoline car will 
answer. 

The same applies to electric vehicles. 

38. Q. May I take gasoline examination and electric on the same day? 

A. Yes. 

39. Q. Do I have to take road and written examination on the same day? 
A. Yes. 




67 



OWNERS’ QUESTIONS ANSWERED 

4 0. Q. I have bought a new car, must I obtain a license for it? 

A. Yes. 

41. Q. How can I obtain a car license? 

A. Write, send an agent, or apply in person to the nearest Central 
Bureau for application blank. 

4 2. Q. What is the cost of obtaining a car license? 

A. See page 9. 

43. Q. How long will my car license be valid? 

A. For one year. 

44. Q. I obtained my car license March 20th 1913, when will it expire? 

A. January 31st, 1914. 

45. Q. I reside in New Jersey and my place of business is in New York, 

where must I get my car license? 

A. In your place of residence, New Jersey. 

46. Q. If I own my car, do I need a driver’s license to operate it? 

A. No. The car must he licensed, hut the driver of his own car does 
not need a license applicable to himself. 

4 7. Q. May I send an agent, and have him sign the application for me? 

A. No. The application must be signed by the owner, and sworn to 
before a Notary Public. 

48. Q. How can I send fee for the license to the Bureau? 

A. By check, money order or express order. No cash. 

49. Q. What must I know about my machine to fill out properly my ap¬ 

plication? 

A. The Factory number of the car, manufacturer’s name, motor power, 
(gas., electric or steam), number of cylinders, year machine was 
made, provided with brakes, signaling devices, lamps in number 
and kind, horse power, bore of cylinder, etc. 

50. Q. If I do not know the above questions, how may I obtain the infor¬ 

mation ? 

A. From the dealer where the car was purchased. 

51. Q. As an owner or dealer, how do I renew my license? 

A. See pages 9, 11. 

52. Q. I own a truck, how may I obtain a license? 

A. See page 11. 

53. Q. I bought a second hand car, how do I obtain a license for it? 

A. See page 11. 


68 



5 4. Q. How many plateb do I get when I get a car license? 

A. Two. 

55. Q. How and where must the license plates be fastened? 

A. See page 11). 

56. Q. My old plates have become lost or mutilated, how do I get new 

ones? 

A. See page 12. 




6 9 




LAW QUESTIONS 


And Questions Pertaining to Traffic Regulations. 


57. Q. According to law “who are chauffeurs”? 

A. Those persons of 18 years of age or over who have passed satisfac¬ 
torily the examination given by the state, having received proper 
badge and cards. 

5 8. Q. What does the law say about an unlicensed chauffeur having in his 

possession a licenced chauffeur’s badge or license? 

A. No licensed chauffeur shall permit any other person to possess or 
use his badge, and no person shall use or have in possession a 
licensed chauffeur’s badge. 

59. Q. Of what are you guilty and what is the penalty for operating a car 
having in your possession a licensed chauffeur’s badge? 

A. Guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not exceeding $50. 

6 0. Q. Of what are you guilty and what is the penalty for driving an 

automobile after your license has been revoked? 

A. Guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a possible fine of $25 and 
not exceeding $25. 

61. Q. If you drive with your “cut-out” open in New York City, what may 
be the result. 

A. This is a misdemeanor, subject to a possible fine of $25.00. 

6 2. Q. If you are caught allowing your engine to exhaust smoke, what 
may happen to you? 

A. You are liable for a misdemeanor and subject to a possible fine. 

6 3. Q. What does the law say about a chauffeur’s badge when driving? 

A. Chauffeur’s badge must be shown on his clothing in a conspic¬ 
uous place while operating a car. 

6 4. Q. Why is it necessary that a chauffeur shows his badge when driving? 

A. So that interested parties may see that he is a licensed driver. 

65. Q. W'hat is the penalty for not using your chauffeur’s badge while 
driving? 

A. This is a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of $25.00. 

6 6. Q. Of what are you guilty and the penalty of making false statements 
in your application? 

A. Guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of not over $50. 

67. Q. In case you have an accident, no officer being present, what are 
you required to do? 

A. Give your name and address, license and car number to the in¬ 
jured party. 


70 






68. Q. As a witness to an accident, some one being injured, due to care¬ 

lessness on the driver’s part, what is your duty in such cases? 

A. To take down the license number of car and operator and report 
it to the nearest police office or station. 

69. Q. As a witness to a careless accident and the driver did not stop, 

what would you do? 

A. Endeavor to obtain the license car number, chauffeur’s number, 
name and address, and report it to the injured party or police. 

70. Q. Of what are you guilty and what is the penalty for running away 

after meeting with an accident? 

A. Guilty of a felony punishable by a fine not exceeding $500, or 
imprisonment not over 2 years. 

71. Q. W hat is the youngest age that a person may obtain a chauffeur’s 

license? 

A. 18 years. 

72. Q. Under the law what signalling and other equipment is required 

on an automobile? 

A. Brakes, horns, or other signalling devices and lamps. 

7 3. Q. Under the law how many sets of brakes are required? 

A. Two. 

74. Q. Under the law when are the 1913 number plates called in? 

A. Jan. 31st, 1913. 

75. Q. What does the State Motor Vehicle law say about the speed of 

motor vehicles? 

A. The speed of motor vehicles shall not at any time exceed the speed 
required by law through the section being traversed. 

76. Q. According to the 1913 law, what is the .'highest speed allowed in 

New York City? 

A. 15 miles an hour, but 18 miles an hour on certain thoroughfares: 
Broadway and Amsterdam Ave., north of 125 St., Grand Con¬ 
course, and Boulevard, Bronx, Coney Island, Boulevard and 
Eastern Parkway. 

7 7. Q. According to law, what speed is allowed in the City Parks and 
Boulevards? 

A. 8 miles an hour. 

78. Q. According to law what speed is allowed in an incorporated village 

or town? 

A. 15 miles an hour. 

79. Q. According to law what is necessary to do when approaching cross 

road’s outside cities or villages. 

A. Slow down, sound a note of warning with the horn or other signal¬ 
ling device. 

80. Q. Having noticed a sign “Danger,” Railroad crossing 500 feet ahead, 

what should you do? 

A. See page (74). 


71 


81. Q. 

A. 

82. Q. 


According to law how many automobile number plates are re 
and how are they to be shown? 

Two shown in conspicions places, fastened firmly front and rear 


quired 
I rear. 


A. 


What is the highest rate of speed allowed in New York City 
in built-up sections. 

15 miles an hour. 


83. Q. 

A. 


What is the penalty of driving over 15 miles an hour; 1st offense? 

Not less than ,$25 nor more than $100, or by imprisonment not to 
exceed 15 days or both. 


84. Q. 

A. 


What is the penalty of driving over 15 miles an hour; 2nd offense 
(one year from the commission of the 1st offense.) 

Punishable by a fine of not less than $50, and not more than $100, 
or by imprisonment not to exceed 30 days, or by both. 


85. Q. What is the penalty of driving over 15 miles; 3rd offense, and sub¬ 
sequent offenses? (One year from the commission of the 1st 
offense.) 

Punishable by a fine of $100, or by imprisonment for a term not to 
exceed 00 days, or both. 


A. 


86. Q. Is a rate of speed of 20 miles an hour allowed in the built up 
section of the city? 

No. 


A. 
87. Q. 


A. 


Where may a rate of speed of 3 0 miles an hour be obtained in 
New York State? 

In undeveloped and sparsely settled sections. 


88. Q. 
A. 


May a speed of over 25 miles an hour be obtained? 

Yes, 30 miles in undeveloped and sparsely settled sections of the 
state. 


89. Q. 

A. 

90. Q. 

A. 

91. Q. 


What rate of speed cannot be exceeded in turning at intersecting 
street corners? 

Speed of four miles per hour. 


What rate of speed must not be exceeded in approaching a bridge 
between 8:00 A. M. and 4:00 P. M.? 

10 miles an hour. 


A. 

92. Q. 

A. 


What rate of speed must not be exceeded when passing a public 
school on school days, between hours of 8:00 A. M. and 
4:00 P. M.? 

10 miles an hour. 


What does the law say to do when approaching street cars, taking 
on or letting off passengers? 

The car must not approach within 8 feet of street cars, receiving 
or discharging passengers. 


93. Q. 

A. 


Will ignorance of any of the speed laws excuse a driver from a 
fine? 

No. 


72 


9 4. Q. If driving north on 5th Ave., New York and your passenger desired 
to stop on the west side of the Avenue, what would do? 

A. Turn car around at the next nearest street crossing and drive back 
to desired spot, car facing south. 

SPEED. 

9 5. Q. What rate of speed is permissible in New York City between 42nd 
St. and 5 9th St? 

A. Speed permissible in New York on Broadway of 15 miles an hour. 

9 6. Q. What rate of speed is permissable in New York City between 
Fulton street and Bowling Green? 

A. 15 miles an hour. 

97. Q. At what rate of speed are you permitted to turn a corner or cross 

any street or avenue? 

A. Not to exceed 4 miles an hour. 

98. Q. What speed would be reasonable in turning a corner when the 

operator’s view is obstructed? 

A. 4 miles an hour. 

99. Q. When and where can you drive at the rate of 25 miles an hour? 

A. Outside the city in sparsely settled sections. 

100. Q. Is a speed of 30 miles an hour allowed in New York State and if 

so when and where can this speed be obtained? 

A. Yes. Same answer as question above. 

101. Q. What speed is permissible in turning corners, crossing streets 

and avenues in Greater New York during the day? 

A. Four miles an hour. 

102. Q. What speed is proper in entering and leaving garages in traffic? 
A. Slow speed, reduced to 4 miles an hour. 


APPROACHING. 

103. Q. Approaching or passing a street car having stopped allowing pass¬ 

engers to alight, what would you do? 

A. Slow up, sound a note of warning, driving near the curb on the 
right and if circumstances require, stop temporarily at least 8 

feet behind the car and wait until car proceeds. 

• 

104. Q. What precaution should be taken when approaching a pedestrian 

who is crossing the street at intersections? 

A. Slow down and sound a note of warning. 


5. Q. How would you proceed in approaching country railroad cr 
having no gates or flagman? 


ossing, 


A. Slow down and be on the alert for approaching trains, crossing 
the grades slowly when satisfied there is no danger from 
approaching trains, speed gear in slow speed position with 
throttle well open. 


73 



106. Q. How would you proceed in approaching railroad gate crossing? 

A. Slow down. 

107. Q. How would you proceed in aproaching railroad flag crossings? 

A. Slow down and await signal from flagman to proceed. 

108. Q. What would you do in approaching cross roads outside the city 

limits? 

A. Slow down, looking up and down the crossroad for approaching 
vehicles, and sound a note of warning. 

109. Q. Approaching a sign “danger,” railroad crossing 500 feet ahead, 

what would you do? 

A. Slow down proceeding cautiously until satisfied crossing is safe. 

110. Q. In passing a vehicle moving in the same direction, would you 

pass to the right or left? 

A. Left. 

111. Q. Another vehicle approaching and wishing to pass you, would you 

go to the right or left? 

A. Right. 

112. Q. Another vehicle approaching you, what care would you take? 

A. Turn to the right as far as conveniently possible. 

113. Q. Car in front of you suddenly swings around your course, what 

would you do? 

A. Throw out the clutch and apply the foot and emergency brake. 

114. Q. What care would you take approaching people in the road? 

A. Slow down and sound a note of warning. 

115. Q. What care is required when approaching any cross road in New 

York State? 

A. Slow down and a note of warning should be given. 

116. Q. What is necessary for you to do if you saw a vehicle approach¬ 

ing toward you? 

A. Give a note of warning and turn to the right. 

117. Q. What vehicles have the right of way under the traffic regulations 

in a large city? 

^ olice, fire department and fire patrol, traffic emergency repair, 
U. S. Mail vehicles and ambulances. 

118. Q. For what vehicles do you have to drive to the right, stop and wait 

until they have passed, according to traffic regulations? 

A. See vehicles above. 

119. Q. What are the rules of the road? 

A. Approaching a vehicle and wishing to pass, approaching vehicle 
must turn to the left and vehicle to be passed to the right, the 
approaching vehicle must then again turn to the right as soon 
as conveniently possible. 


74 


Vehicles 


120. Q. 

A. 


121. Q. 
A. 


122. Q. 

A. 

123. Q. 

A. 

124. Q. 

A. 

125. Q. 

A. 

126. Q. 

A. 

127. Q. 

A. 

128. Q. 

A. 

129. Q. 
A. 

130. Q. 

A. 

131. Q. 

A. 


approaching each other must pass each other on the 
leit; vehicles in turning corners, in turning to the right, 
must keep to the right; and in turning corners to the left, must 
. keep over on the right side. 


What is meant by one blast of traffic policeman’s whistle? 

1 raffle north and south must stop to allow east and west to 
proceed. 

What is meant by two blasts of traffic policeman’s whistle? 

Traffic east and west must stop to allow north and south to pro¬ 
ceed. 

What is meant by three blasts of traffic policeman’s whistle? 

A signal ot alarm, fire engine or some other right of way vehicle 
approaching, or danger near. 

What would you do if on hearing three blasts of a traffic police¬ 
man’s whistle? 

Drive near the curb on the right and stop. 

In turning from one road into another, what would your course 
be? 

Illustrate by diagram. See page 34. 

If you drive to a corner and wish to go back on the same street, 
how would you proceed? 

Turn around at the next street crossing, keeping to the right and 
facing in the opposite direction, proceed along the right side of 
the street. 

When about to stop in traffic what is necessary for you to do? 

Signal by the hand that a stop is to be made by raising the hand 
vertically so that it can be seen by those behind. 

What would you do if you heard fire apparatus approaching? 

Drive near the curb on your right and stop. 

What is the traffic regulations regarding hydrants? 

No vehicle is allowed to discharge or take on passengers or re¬ 
main in front of a fire hydrant. 

In discharging passengers in front of buildings near a fire hydrant 
what should you do? 

Drive the car to such a distance that no part of the car is in close 
proximity of the hydrant. 

Wishing to back up in traffic, what care should you use? 

Look behind, notify any approaching vehicle you wish to back up. 

Driving south on 5th Avenue, New York City, directly west of 
the Flat Iron Building, and wishing to go north, what would 
you do? 

Turn east through 22nd St. turning into Broadway on the right 
side. 


75 


132. Q. 

What do the traffic regulations say you must do when driving 
north on 5th Avenue and wishing to go west on a cross street? 

A. 

See answer below. 

133. Q. 

Driving on 5tli Avenue and wishing to turn east, according to 
traffic regulataions, what must you do? 

A. 

Take care of traffic behind and watch the signal of the traffic 
officer, if one is present, always keep to the right of the center 
of both avenues and cross streets. 

CARE AND TROUBLES. 

134. Q. 

If your engine stalled in t'he center of a railroad crossing, what 
would you do? 


A. Get passengers to safety in the quickest way. If the ear gives 


135. Q. 

A. 

trouble in restarting push it off at once. 

What care would you take on leaving a car on a hill? 

Throw on the emergency brake, and place gear control lever in 
reverse position, or cut front wheels against the curb, or put 
a block behind them when needed. 


136. Q. What care would you use in going down a very steep hill? 

A. Sound a note of alarm constantly, proceeding slowly by keeping 



complete control, using the foot and hand brake, and keep 
always to the right. 

137. Q. 

Coming upon a sharp turn going down a hill, what precaution 
would you use? 

A. 

Proceed at slow speed and use horn frequently, keeping a sharp 
lookout to the left and to the right. 


138. Q. In entering or leaving garages in traffic, what care should be 
used? 

A. Proceed at slow speed and use horn frequently, keeping a sharp 
lookout. 


76 


PART III 


TECHNICAL QUESTIONS AND 
ANSWERS 


ENGINE. 


1. Q. Name the two large important stationary castings, bolted to¬ 

gether, that go to make up an automobile engine? 

A. Cylinder and crank case. 

2. Q. Name the three large important moving engine parts connected 

together, that go to make up an automobile engine. 

A. Piston, connecting rod, and crank shaft. See figure 1. 



Figure 1. 

Piston, connecting: rod, crank shaft and flywheel. 


3. Q. What part of the engine is the cylinder? 

A. The cylinder is that part of the engine, open at the bottom, the 
top closed, beginning from the bottom, the cylindrical opening 
extends to the closed top, in this opening the piston fits and 
slides. It also has other smaller openings so placed as to allow 
the explosive mixture to enter, and the burnt exhaust gases to 
escape. 

4. Q. For what purposes are the cylinders used? 

A. The cylinders act as vessels for storing potential energy, (in the 
form of the compressed gas and air mixture) and admitting of 
the transfer of this energy into kinetic energy when this mix¬ 
ture is exploded, and by means of the piston and other suitable 
connections driving the car. 

7 7 







5. Q. What are the ports of the cylinder? 

A. The ports of a cylinder are the openings in the cylinder closed 
by valves, allowing the explosive mixture to enter, and the burnt 
gases to escape. 

6. Q. How many ports are there to a cylinder? 

A. Two. 

7. Q. What are the two ports of a cylinder called? 

A. Inlet and exhaust port. 

8. Q. What is the type of cylinder called where the inlet and exhaust 

ports are placed in the top of the cylinder? 

A. ‘Waive in the head” type. 

9. Q. What is the type of cylinder called where both inlet and exhaust 

ports are on the same side? 

A. “L” type. 

10. Q. What is the type of cylinder called where the inlet is on one side 
and the exhaust on the other? 

A. “T” type. See figure 2. 



Figure ii. 

Cylinder “T” type. 


11. Q. From observation, 'how could you locate the inlet and exhaust 
ports? 

A. Above the inlet port there should he a spark plug; whereas, above 
the exhaust port there should be a pet-cock, also the inlet pipe 
from the carbureter leads to the inlet ports. The exhaust man¬ 
ifold leading the gasses to the muffler is connected to the exhaust 
port passage. 


78 
































Figure 3. 

Motor, showing internal construction. 



79 


COMBUST/ON SPACE 
































12. Q. What is used to close the ports in a four cycle engine? 

A. Valves. 

13. Q. Name a type of engine using sleeves instead of valves to open 

and close the inlet and exhaust passages. 

A. “Knight.” 

14. Q. What is used to open and close the ports of an automobile engine 

not using valves? 

A. Sleeves in a so-called “valveless engine” but the piston opens and 
closes the inlet and exhaust passages in a two cycle engine. 

15. Q. What do you mean by the term “twin Cylinder?” 

A. Two cylinders cast as one piece, having one water jacket for both 
cylinders, the opening in which the pistons slide and the ports 
take the same relative position to each other on the crank case 
as if each were fastened separately. 

16. Q. What do you mean by the term “four cylinders cast En Bloc?” 
A. Four cylinders cast in one piece having one surrounding water 

jacket, the openings in which the pistons slide and the ports take 
the same relative position to each other on the crank case as if 
each were fastened separately. 

17. Q. Explain the term “bore” of a cylinder. 

A. The diameter of the cylinder opening in which the piston slides. 

18. Q. Explain the engine term “stroke.” 

A. The distance the piston travels in the cylinder, in a half revolu¬ 
tion of the crank shaft. 

19. Q. Where is the cam shaft placed and describe it? 

A. A round steel bar, running the length of the crank case parallel 
to the crank shaft in a verticle engine to which the cams are 
fastened. See figures 3 and 4. 



Cams, timing gt*ar, hearings, Jtiid oil pump driven goar, .isseinlilrd on cam shaft. 

20. Q. Is it necessary to have two cam shafts to run an automobile 

engine? 

A. No. 

21. Q. How many cam shafts are used in an “L” type engine? 

A. One. 

2 2. Q. How many cam shafts are used in a “T” type engine? 

A. Two. 

23. Q. Describe a four cylinder crank case. 


80 





A. A hollowed-out casting the length longer than the width with 
supporting arms, the top face machined off level, on which rests, 
and is bolted the cylinders. 

24. Q. Why is a crank case used? 

A. A crank case is used to support the cylinder or cylinders, to mount 
the crank shaft and lubricate by means of wells and ducts all 
engine bearings and protect the moving parts from dirt. 

25. Q. Describe a piston. 

A. A piston is shaped like a cylinder, hollowed-out, and open from the 
bottom to the top, whicli is closed, the top is flat, concave or 
convex, several grooves are cut around the piston, into which 
are fitted piston rings, and a hole drilled through opposite sides 
of the piston in which the piston pin fits. The outside surface 
of the piston is finished smooth so that it slides easily in the 
cylinder. See figure 5. 



Figure 


Piston. 


26. Q. Describe a piston ring. 

A. A narrow iron ring, cut eccentric, and split to give an even 
pressure of the ring against the cylinder walls. 


2 7. Q. Are piston rings placed around the inside, or the outside of the 
piston? 

A. Outside. 


2 8. Q. Why are piston rings used? 

A. To hold the compression, preventing the compressed and also 
exhaust gases leaking between the cylinder walls and the piston. 

29. Q. What is the wrist or piston pin? 

A. A lound finished steel bar, the length and diameter depending 
upon the size of the piston, into which it is fitted. Wrist or 
piston pins are generally hollowed-out inside for lightness and 
oil grooves cut for sufficient lubrication. 

30. Q. Describe how the piston is connected to the connecting rod. 

A. A hole in one end of the connecting rod is put in line with the 
hole through the piston, and the piston pin is then pushed 
through. 

31. Q. Name the parts to which the connecting rod is fastened? 

A. The small end is fastened to the piston pin in the piston, and the 
large end to the crank shaft. 


81 





32. Q. Why is a connecting rod used? 

A. The connecting rod, connecting the piston to the crank shaft, is 
used to divert the direction of the travel of the piston from a 
straight line, reciprocating motion (back and forth) into rotary 
motion of the crank shaft. 



Figure (i. 

Connecting' rod. 

33. Q. If an engine has four cylinders, how many crank shaft arm pins 
should there be? 

A. Four. 

3 4. Q. What are crank shaft bearings? 

A. Crank shaft hearings are the supporting surfaces for the revolv¬ 
ing crank shaft in the crank case. See figure 7. 



Figure 7. 

View, looking under engine, showing crank shaft connecting rod and 

crank shaft hearings. 

35. Q. Give the most number of crank shaft bearings possible in a four 
cylinder vertical engine. 

A. Five. 

3 6. Q. Give the least number of crank shaft bearings possible in a four 
cylinder vertical engine. 

A. Two. 

3 7. Q. Why are valves used? 

A. To open and close the inlet and exhaust ports, thereby allowing 
the explosive mixture to enter and the exhaust gases to escape. 

38. Q. Describe an engine valve. 

A. An inlet or exhaust valve has the appearance of a mushroom with 
a stem, but the outside edge of the umbrella part is generally 


82 






















beveled, and so as to make a good tight seat in the cylinder, 
this edge is ground to its seat. See figure 3. 


39. Q. Why is the valve spring used? 

A. To hold the valve firmly on its seat in the cylinder and close the 
valve after opening. 



Figure S. 

Three point bearing crank shaft with flywheel attached and timing gear. 

40. Q. What lifts or pushes the valve off its seat? 

A. Push rod or valve tappet. 

41. Q. Where are the valve push rods or tappets placed in an engine? 
A. In the crank case, directly under the valves. 

4 2. Q. Should there be clearance between the push rod, or valve tappet, 
and valve in an automobile engine having the valves on the 
side? 

A. Yes. 

43. Q. What should be the clearance between the valve tappet or push 

rod and valve in an automobile engine, having valves on the 
side? 

A. About .010 of an inch or less (thickness of a piece of paper.) 

44. Q. What lifts or pushes the push rod or valve tappet? 

A. Cam. 

45. Q. What are the engines cams called? 

A. Inlet cam and exhaust cam. 

46. Q. How many earns, push rods, and valves are necessary for each 

cylinder? 

A. Two of each for each cylinder. 

4 7. Q. Describe a cam. 

A. A circular steel collar, having a projecting nose, the sides of 
which are straight, but tapering uniformly to the apex, which 
is rounded. 


83 


























4 8. Q. Why are engine cams used? 

A. To lift open the valves, allowing the valves to open a certain 
distance and holding them open for a certain period of time, 
depending upon the design of cam used. 




Figure J). 
Inlet earn. 


Figure 10. 
Exhaust cam. 


4 9. Q. How can you tell the exhaust from the inlet cam? 

A. The nose of the exhaust cam does not come to so sharp a point as 
the inlet cam. 


5 0. Q. Is it necessary to have more than one cam shaft in an automobile 
engine? 

A. No. 



Figure 11. 

Crank shaft sear, earn shaft sear (and magneto sear which in this figure is 
same as pump shaft gear) constitute the timing gears. 

51. Q. Describe an arrangement used to operate the valve in the head 
motor. 

A. On the top of the cylinder a rocking lever is placed, fulcrumed 
at its center, when the cam revolves lifting the push rod, one 
end of the lever is pushed up, the other end going down, open¬ 
ing the valve against the action of the spring. 






5 2. Q. In tlh.e “valve in the head motor” what name is given to the part 
containing the valve and valve spring? 

A. Valve cage. 

53. Q. How many valve cages would there be in a four cylinder motor? 

A. Eight. 

54. Q. Where are the time gears in an automobile engine? 

A. In the front or rear part of the crank case, the gears are fast¬ 
ened to the crank shaft and cam shaft and may mesh together, 
or he driven through intermediate gears. See figure 11. 

55. Q. Why are the time gears used? 

A. To turn cam shaft at >/ 2 speed of the crank shaft, therefore hav¬ 
ing a connecting link between crank shaft and cam shaft gears 
and are so proportioned that two turns of the crank shaft makes 
the cam shaft turn once, in a four cycle engine, therefore allow¬ 
ing the valves to he opened and closed at the correct time, 
corresponding to a certain position of the piston travel. 

56. Q. Where is the fly-wheel generally placed? 

A. Always on the crank shaft, generally at the rear of the engine. 

5 7. Q. What keeps the engine running uniformily during the time of no 
power stroke? 

A. The fly-wheel. 

58. Q. Why is the fly-wheel used? 

A. The fly-wheel fits on the crank shaft and as the crank shaft re¬ 
volves, the fly-wheel revolves with it, due to the weight of the 
rim, diameter, and revolving speed of the fly-wheel, the engine 
is kept running during the idle strokes of the piston, (suction, 
compression and exhaust) during which time no explosion takes 
place in the cylinder. 

59. Q. Is it possible to reverse the direction of an automobile gasoline 

engine? 

A. No. 

60. Q. What do you mean by the “Cycle” of a gas engine? 

A. In series repeated in regular order, the admission of the explosive 
mixture into the cylinder, its compression, its combustion and 
the expulsion of the burnt gases constitute the cycle. See 
figure 12. 

61. Q. What is a four cycle engine? 

A. The four functions, suction, compression, explosion, exhaust, are 
completed in four strokes of the piston, which is the same as 
two revolutions of the crank shaft. 

62. Q. Name the four strokes in order, necessary for successful gas 

engine operation. 

A. Suction, compression, explosion or power, and exhaust. See figure 
12, A, B, C, 1). 

63. Q. Which valve opens on the suction stroke? 

A. Inlet valve. 


85 







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86 




Showing the four cycles In gas engine operation, 
















































































































































64. Q. Which valve or valves remain closed on the compression stroke? 
A. Both inlet and exhaust remain closed. 

65. Q. Which valve or valves remain closed on the explosion stroke? 

A. Both remain closed but the exhaust opens considerably before 
bottom center. 

6 6. Q. Which valve is open on the exhaust stroke? 

A. The exhaust valve. 

6 7. Q. In which direction is the piston going on the suction stroke, up 

or down? 

A. Down. 

68. Q. In which direction is the piston going on the “compression 

stroke,” up or down? 

A. Up. 

69. Q. In which direction is the piston going on the “explosion stroke,” 

up or down? 

A. Down. 

7 0. Q. In which direction is the piston going on the “exhaust stroke,” 

up or down? 

A. Up. 

71. Q. What happens in the cylinder during the “suction stroke”? 

A. The gasoline vapor and air enters through the inlet valve, and the 
piston moves down, the exhaust valve remains closed. 

7 2. Q. What happens in the cylinder during the “compression stroke”? 
A. The piston moves up and the explosive mixture is compressed, 
both valves remaining closed, inlet valve closing late, not until 
the piston has started well up on the compression stroke. 

73. Q. What happens in the cylinder during the “power stroke”? 

A. The explosion of the mixture occurs, due to the expansive energy 
of the heat developed, the piston travels down, both valves 
remaining closed but the exhaust valve opens early before bot¬ 
tom dead center is reached. 

74. Q. What happens in the cylinder during the “exhaust stroke”? 

A. The expulsion of the burnt gases, the exhaust valve remaining 
open, the piston moving up, the inlet valve closed. 

75. Q. Is it possible to vary the time of the explosion in the cylinder? 

A. Yes. 

76. Q. How would you vary the time of the explosion in the cylinder? 

A. By advancing or retarding the spark. 

77. Q. Where does the explosion take place in the cylinder? 

A. In the combustion chamber between top of piston and inside top 
of cylinder, with piston in its furthest position in the cylinder. 

78. Q. How often does the explosion occur in the cylinder in a four cycle 

engine? 

A. Once in two revolutions of the crank shaft or once in four strokes 
of the piston. 


87 



79. Q. What do you mean by top dead center? 

A. The highest inward position of the piston in its travel in the 
cylinder, generally shown by a mark on the fly-wheel. 

8 0. Q. What do you mean by the bottom dead center? 

A. The lowest outward position of the piston in its travel in the 
cylinder, generally shown by a mark on the fly-wheel. 

81. Q. How many cylinders do most automobile engines have? 

A. Four. 

8 2. Q. What would be the next highest number of cylinders to use in an 
automobile engine? 

A. Six. 

8 3. Q. Where and why are the valve “plugs” or “caps” used? 

A. In the cylinder head, used so that valves can he removed and 
ground to their seats, also allows cleaning of the carbon from 
the combustion chamber. 

84. Q. Why are cylinder pet-cocks used? 

A. To allow the cylinder to be primed with gasoline, or oil, and 
when running with pet-cocks open, can be used as a ready ac¬ 
cessible means of determining the nature of the explosions. 

85. Q. Where are the cylinder pet-cocks placed? 

A. In the top of the cylinder, screwing into the exhaust valve, (plug 
or cap.) 

MUFFLER CUT-OUT. 

8 6. Q. Explain a muffler cut-out. 

A. A valve placed in the exhaust pipe, or muffler held in place by a 
spring and operated by the foot. 

8 7. Q. Why is a muffler cut-out used? 

A. To allow a more direct access for the exhaust gases to the atmo¬ 
sphere. 

88. Q. Where would the muffler cut-out be of use? 

A. Where more power was required, as in ascending hills. 

89. Q. Do present day mufflers need muffler cut-outs to increase con¬ 

siderably the power of the engine. 

A. No, the muffler is so designed that back pressure is practically 
eliminated. 

9 0. Q. What is the name of the part fastened to the exhaust side of the 

engine, connecting with the exhaust ports? 

A. Exhaust manifold. 

91. Q. Why is the exhaust manifold used? 

A. To allow a passage for the exhaust gases from the cylinder to the 
muffler. 

9 2. Q. Name two places where gaskets are used in automobile engines. 

A. Inlet pipe connections and valve plugs. 


88 


ENGINE TROUBLES AND REMEDIES. 


93. Q. What would be the result of a broken piston ring? 

A. Loss of compression and power. 

9 4. Q. How would you discover a crack in the cylinder below the water 
jacket? 

A. By the appearance of oil placed on the outside of the casting. 

9 5. Q. In fitting a piston into the cylinder, how would you proceed 
where the piston ring was caught? 

A. By means of a round steel band or flexible ring, placed over the 
entering ring, squeeze the ring tightly in its groove in the. 
piston, at the same time firmly pushing in the piston. 

9 6. Q. How could you determine that the connecting rod was loose in a 
running engine? 

A. When the connecting rod is loose, a decided knock would be 
heard. 

9 7. Q. How would you determine that any of the crank shaft bear¬ 
ings were loose? 

A. A decided pound would be heard. 

9 8. Q. What might be the result of a broken crank shaft? 

A. The piston rod might continue either up or down, breaking the 
piston and crank case or cylinder, going through the bottom of 
the crank case, or through the top of the cylinder. 

99. Q. What might be the result of a broken connecting rod? 

A. A large hole might be punched through the bottom of the crank 
case, breaking the crank case and piston. 

100. Q. Describe in a few words how you would scrape a connecting rod 
bearing? 

A. With the crank shaft suitably held in a vice, the crank arm pins 
are coated with a color compound such as Prussian blue, and 
connecting rod bearing to be scraped is clamped on and given 
a part rotary motion by hand several times, after taking the 
bearing oft* the pin, the Prussian blue will leave an impression 
on all the high spots. These spots are then scraped away by 
a sharp edged tool, and the above operation continued until a 
uniform blue surface is shown all around the bearing. 

101 Q. Give a reason why engine bearings are made of babbitt or some 
other soft composition metal. 

A. Babbitt being softer than iron or steel, if the engine is run with¬ 
out enough oil, only the hearings will have to be replaced, 
whereas, if two metals of about the same composition were 
used, they both would probably have to be replaced. Also, due 
to its low co-efficient of friction, babbitt is a good material to 
use for iron and steel friction surfaces. 

102. Q. What attention do bearings need? 

A. They should be examined from time to time for wear and kept 
well lubricated. 


89 







* ^ 


I s 

Is 

* 


8§ 5 

§g 


M 


0) 

- 

= 

it 

s 


so 


Motor, carbureter side, 

















103. Q. In bearings where shims are used, if bearings should become loose, 
what is the remedy? 

A. Remove enough shims until bearing has the proper adjustment. 

10 4. Q. Explain briefly how you would take down an engine valve spring. 

A. Turn the engine by hand and note when all tension on the spring 
has been released, the spring is now compressed by means of a 
special tool or screw driver, prying the spring up off the seat 
releases the locking device, which can be removed, the spring 
can now drop down out of place. 


105. Q. Having dropped the spring, how would you remove the valve? 

A. Unscrew the cylinder valve “plug or cap’’ over the valve and the 
Aalve may then be pulled out. 


10 6. Q. Engine stopped, how could you determine that the timing gears 
were at fault? 

A. The valves would not operate properly, also by turning the engine 
over by hand when the striped part of the time gear was reached, 
this could be easily determined. 

107. Q. What are the usual symptoms of a heavy carbon deposit in the 
cylinders? 

A. Pre-ignition and heating of the motor. 


108. Q. Give three possible causes of an engine knock. 

A. Connecting rods loose, fly-wheel loose, driving with spark ad¬ 
vanced too far. 


109. Q. What would be the result of a broken valve in a multi-cylinder 

engine? 

A. Loss of power with misfiring. 

110. Q. What would be the result of a broken valve spring in a multi¬ 

cylinder engine? 

A. Loss of power with misfiring. 

111. Q. What would be the result of a pitted exhaust valve? 

A. Loss of power, explosions in the muffler, and misfiring. 

112. Q. What would be the result of a leaking inlet valve? 

A. Hissing sound, loss of power, with misfiring and possible ex¬ 
plosions in the inlet pipe. 


113. Q. How would you proceed to clean carbon deposit from the cylinder? 

A. Having removed the valve plugs, with a scraper or sharp edged 
tool, the top of piston and cylinder head walls are scraped until 

clean. 


114. 


Q. 

A. 


How would you grind a cylinder valve? 

Having removed the valve, and wiped clean the bevelled edge 
and cylinder seat, a little grinding compound such as flue emery 
and oil is placed around the bevelled edge of the valve or seat, 
and the valve is then placed on its seat in the cylinder. With 
a valve grinding tool or screw driver pressing straight down, 
fitting the edge of the tool in the slot in the head of the valve. 


91 





115. 

116. 

117. 

118. 

119. 

120 . 

121 . 

12 2 . 

123. 

124. 

125. 


the valve should he rotated about one-half turn in one direction 
and then about one-half turn in the opposite one, continuing sev¬ 
eral times in this way, lift the valve from its seat, place in a 
new position and repeat the same operation until the valve 
seats perfectly. 

Q. How could you determine that the valve seats perfectly in a 
valve cage type of engine? 

A. In types of engine with valve cages, a little gasoline is dropped 
in the cage, if any gasoline leaks through, the valve has to be 
again ground until the valve is perfectly tight, allowing no 
gasoline through. 

Q. How could you determine the valve seats perfectly in a “T” or 
“L” type of engine? 

A. A little Prussian blue showing uniformly around the valve, with 
no high spots shows a tight and good seat. 

Q. What material would you use to grind a valve? 

A. A good grinding compound, fine emery mixed with machine oil. 

Q. In grinding a valve, in rotating it, would you rotate it always 
in the same direction and if not, how? 

9 7 

A. No, rotate it about one-half revolution, back and forth several 
times, and then lift the valve, dropping it in a new position and 
repeat. 

Q. What would you do and use after grinding with emery to produce 
a polished surface for the valve and seat? 

A. Grind with kerosene oil. 

Q. What might happen if grinding oil was left in the cylinders? 

A. With engine running, the emery might be ground into the cylin¬ 
der wall by the piston, causing loss of compression, due to this 
grinding, new parts might be required. 

Q. How would you prevent the emery compound from getting on 
the cylinder walls? 

A. Cotton waste should be placed all around the valve to be ground. 

Q. What would you use to make any screw plug in the cylinder a 
tight fit? 

A. White lead or shellac. 

Q. What effect has a missing cylinder on the running of the piston? 

A. The engine explosions are not regular, with loss of power. 

Q. Give three or more reasons for a miss in the cylinder. 

A. May be caused by too rich or too poor mixture, air leaks, dirty 
plugs, or loose wire connections. 

Q. How would you locate the missing cylinder? 

A. With the motor running, short circuit each cylinder in turn by 
placing the metal part of a screw driver on one end of the ter¬ 
minal of the spark plug, and any other part of the metal blade 
on the engine. After testing each cylinder separately in this 


92 



way, the cylinder that is not affected by this short circuiting is 
the one at fault. 

12 6. Q. How will wearing away of the cams affect the operation of the 
engine? 

A. The time of opening of the valves will he disarranged, making 
a smaller opening of the valves with a consequent loss of power. 

127. Q. Is there any adjustment of the push rods, if so what is it called? 

A. Yes, the valve push rod adjusting screw. 

12 8. Q. How would you make a valve adjustment by adjusting a push 
rod adjusting screw? 

A. The push rod adjusting screw screws into, or on the push rod, 
and is locked in place by a lock nut, by screwing this screw up, 
the clearance between the push rod and valve stem can be 
varied, until this clearance is about the thickness of a piece of 
paper, about .01 of an incb or less. 

12 9. Q. How would you make valve adjustments in engines not having 

adjustable push rods? 

A. The valve must be removed and the end drawn out by a hammer. 

130. Q. How could you determine that the engine had partly lost compres¬ 

sion when running? 

A. Regular but weak explosions and loss of power on hills. 

131. Q. If one cylinder in the engine had total loss of compression when 

running, how would the engine run? 

A. Engine firing would be irregular, with noticeable loss of power. 

13 2. Q. Give three methods of finding the cylinder of an engine which has 

lost compression. 

A. Ease with which engine could be cranked in a certain part of the 
cycle. Soapy water placed around all cylinders, combustion 
chamber plugs and connections, on cranking motor, bubbles 
forming at these points. By running engine and opening each 
pet-cock, the one with the weakest or no explosion is the one at 
fault. 

133. Q. Give four or more causes of lost compression. 

A. Excessive engine carbon deposits. 

Scored piston or cylinder walls. 

Pitted exhaust valve seat. 

Open cylinder pet-cock. 

Leaks around cylinder pet-cocks oi spark plugs. 

Broken piston ring. 

13 4. Q. When the car is stalled, what happens? 

A. The car stops. 

13 5. Q. Give two ways of accidentally stalling the car. 

A. In shifting speeds and dropping the clutch in quickly instead of 

gradually. 

In manipulating throttle lever, either too slowly or to a wrong 
position. 


93 





136. Q. 

A. 

137. Q. 
A. 

138. Q. 

A. 

139. Q. 

A. 

140. Q. 
A. 

141. Q. 
A. 

142. Q. 

A. 

143. Q. 
A. 

144. Q. 

A. 

145. Q. 
A. 

146. Q. 

A. 

147. Q. 
A. 

148. Q. 

A. 

149. Q. 


What is the cause of the piston and the cylinder walls becoming 
scored? 

Lack of oil. 

If you heard a hiss around the cylinder, what might the trouble 
be? 

Leaky valve or piston ring. 

How could you determine the fly-wheel was loose? 

A decided knock would be heard, especially noticeable in starting. 

What might be the trouble causing explosions in the crank case? 

Leaky piston rings, scored piston or cylinder walls. 

What may weak explosions be due to? 

Too rich, too pooi* a mixture, or loss of compression. 

What simple method of feeling will sometimes determine a miss¬ 
ing cylinder? 

The cylinder which has been continually missing will be quite 
cool. 

What would you inject into the cylinder each night to cut any 
carbon deposit? 

Kerosene oil. 

What makes explosions in the muffler? 

Unburned gasoline mixture entering the muffler and accumulat¬ 
ing until the heat from the exhaust gases ignites it. 

What is wrong with the engine to cause explosions in the muffler? 

This is generally due to a retarded spark, leaky valves, too rich a 
mixture, or a missing cylinder pumping the explosive mixture 
into the muffler. 

Give two possible arrangements for the order of firing in a four 
cylinder four cycle engine. 

1, 3, 4, 2, or 1, 2, 4, 3. 

Give two methods of discovering the order of firing in a four 
cylinder four cycle engine. 

By noting the position of the magneto distributing arm with re¬ 
spect to number of each cylinder, and noting the position of the 
marks on the fly-wheel. 

What part of the engine is generally marked to show the order 
of firing and timing of the valves. 

Fly-wheel. 

What precaution should be used in removing the timing gears? 

The intermeshing teeth should be marked by a straight line 
across, the tooth of one gear continued straight across between 
the teeth of the other gear, so that they can be replaced properly 
without disarranging the timing. 

What would be the result if the timing gears were replaced re¬ 
gardless of their proper position with respect to each other? 


94 


A. The timing* of the engine would be disarranged and the engine 
couid not he run. 

15 0. Q. How would you set the cam siliaft time gears in respect to the 
intermeshing crank shaft gear, to have the valves open earlier? 

A. Crank shaft gear turning clockwise and cam shaft gear anti¬ 
clockwise, turn the cam shaft gear one or more teeth ahead, in 
an anti-clockwise direction. 

Both crank shaft and cam shaft gear turning clockwise turn 
cam shaft gear one or more teeth in a clockwise direction. 




CARBURETER 


151. Q. Explain the action of a carbureter. 

A. On the so-called engine suction stroke, gasoline is said to be 
“sucked” through a very small opening and mixes with the air 
drawn through a port, the air passes over the gasoline opening 
and they are mixed together in the mixing chamber. The gaso¬ 
line reservoir (float chamber) of the carbureter is automatic¬ 
ally filled as the engine need demands from the gasoline tank, 
the gasoline kept at a constant level by means of the float and 
float valve as the gasoline rises in the float chamber the 
lloat valve shuts off the supply after a certain height is reached. 

15 2. Q. Why is a carbueter used? 

A. To so control the explosive mixture, gasoline and air, entering 
the cylinder that they are properly mixed, and in the correct 
proportion for complete combustion. 



Fi«iire 14. 


15 3. Q. Name three important carbureter parts. 

A. Float, float chamber and gasoline adjusting chamber. 

154. Q. Upon what does the flow of gasoline from the spray nozzle depend? 
A. The partial vacuum created in the cylinders and the adjustments 
of the gasoline adjusting needle. 

15 5. Q. Why is the gasoline adjusting needle used? 

A. To adjust the amount of gasoline from the spray nozzle. 


96 






156. Q. Name six or more main parts of a carbureter using a mechanical 

auxiliary air inlet. 

A. Mixing chamber, spray nozzle, primary air inlet, auxiliary air 
inlet, auxilliary air inlet valve and auxiliary air valve spring, 
float, float lever, float valve, adjusting needle valve and throttle 
or butterfly valve. 

157. Q. What is the carbureter float chamber? 

A. The reservoir into which the gasoline flows from the gasoline 
tank. 



Figure 15. 

Throttle side of Sehebler carbureter. 


158. Q. Why is the float valve used? 

A. To stop the flow of gasoline from the tank when the gasoline in 
the float chamber has reached the level for which the float has 
been adjusted. 

159. Q. What is the carbureter mixing chamber? 

A. The space above the spray nozzle where the air mixes with the 
gasoline. 

16 0. Q. What is the primary air opening? 

A. An opening in the carbureter through which the air flows at 
all engine speeds. 

161. Q. What is the auxiliary air opening? 

A. An opening in the carbureter through which air may flow at low, 
intermediate and high speeds, or intermediate and high or high 
only, depending upon the design or adjustment made. 

162. Q. Why is the auxiliary air valve spring used? 

A. To hold the auxiliary valve to its seat, allowing the valve to open 
gradually from zero to its maximum opening depending upon 
the engine speed and spring adjustment. 







163. Q. Why is the auxiliary air valve used? 

A. To allow more air to enter the carbureter when the engine de¬ 
mands, than can flow through the primary opening. 

164. Q. Name two parts that may be used to control the air entering the 

auxilliary air inlet. 

A. Valve and spring. 



7 

FLOAT 
HOT A/R 


HOTA/R JACKET 


M/X//VG CHAMBER 


A/R AD JUS T/NG 
SCREW -* 

3 

T/CRLER■ I 

' • ... -. • M 


THROTTLE LEVER 


AtJX/LL/ARY A/R VALVE 
AUX/LL/ARY SPRAY NOZZLE 


FL OA r 
. VALVE ; 


FLOAT 
; CHAMBER 

\ S TRA/A/Et 

\ 

DA SOL WE 

\//VLET~~~ . 


A/R DAMPER 


or A/R 
//VTA RE 


A/R WTARE 
. CHORE DAMPER 

-VE/VTUR/ TUBE 


WEE OLE VALVE 

A' 


GASOL/NE ADJUSTMENT 


Figure l(i. 

Section through a carbureter showing adjustments. 


16 5. Q. What automatic way is used to control the auxiliary air valve 
opening, besides valve and spring adjustment. 

A. Weights so proportioned to limit the amount of air, proportion¬ 
ally to the amount needed. 

166. Q. Explain the action of the auxiliary air valve. 

A. When the engine is running on very low speeds the valve is held 
to its seat by a light spring, as the speed increases this valve 
opens, until under full load and high speed it lias reached its 
maximum opening. 

16 7. Q. Why is a float valve used? 

A. A float valve is used in a carbureter to prevent the gasoline over¬ 
flowing the spray nozzle by keeping the gasoline at a constant 
level in the float chamber. 


16 8. Q. What is the carbureter spray nozzle? 

A. A very small round passage inside the carbureter through which 
the gasoline issues in first contact with the air rushing past the 
orifice. 


16 9. Q. How does the air get into the mixing chamber? 

A. Prom an opening in the carbureter, having a connecting passage 
with the mixing chamber. 


98 

















170. Q. If the carburetor has two air openings, wfirat would 

A. I he primary and auxiliary air opening. 


you call them? 


171. 


Q. 


A. 


Explain the action of a float in a carbureter. 

The float is attached to a shut off valve in such a way that when 
the highest gasoline level is reached no more gasoline can flow 
into the carbureter. When the level in the float chamber is 
lowered, the float sinks, but in doing so, opens the valve allow¬ 
ing gasoline to flow from the tank to the carbureter. When 
attaining a certain level, predetermined by adjustment, the 
valve acts, shutting off the supply. As the engine demands 
more gasoline, the gasoline level lowers and the valve auto¬ 
matically opens, thereby keeping the float chamber at a constant 
level. 



Figure 17. 

Carbureter, cross-section, showing operation of a float ami valves. 

172. Q. Give the relative position between top level of gasoline in the 
float chamber and top of the spray nozzle. 

A. The gasoline level should be slightly above the height of the 
spray nozzle. 


CARBURETER AND CONNECTIONS. 


17 3. Q. What do you mean by automatic carbureter and is an automatic 
carbureter possible? 

A. A carbureter that could automatically adjust itself perfectly to 
all conditions of level and temperature. No. 

174. Q. How are float chambers constructed so that grades have no effect 
on the gasoline level? 

A. The float chamber is made concentric, gasoline surrounds the 
spray nozzle which is in the center. 


175. Q. Name two kinds of floats. 

A. Cork float and metal float. 


99 

































176. Q. 
A. 

177. Q. 
A. 

178. Q. 

A. 


179. Q. 
A. 


180. Q. 
A. 

181. Q. 
A. 

182. Q. 

A. 

183. Q. 
A. 

184. Q. 
A. 


Why should it be necessary to heat the mixture in the carbureter? 

Because oi‘ the heavy specific gravity of commercial gasoline, the 
gasoline will not vaporize readily unless heated. 

What two means are used to heat the mixture entering the 
cylinder? 

Hot water and hot air. 

Explain the hot water system of heating the gasoline in the car¬ 
bureter. 

Carbureter is water jacketed around the mixing chamber and two 
pipe connections lead from water jacketed cylinder to carbure¬ 
ter, the carbureter inlet and outlet water openings must be at 
different levels, for efficient circulation. 

Why does the water pass around the jacket of the carbureter? 

So that the gasoline from the spray nozzle may absorb enough 
heat from tbe surrounding hot jacketed water to help votalize 
the gasoline. 



Figure 18 . 

Stromberg carbureter using- concentric float. 

What do you call the pipe between the carbureter and the cylin¬ 
ders? 

The inlet manifold. 

What should be used to keep the piping connection to cylinder 
tight? 

Gaskets. 

When would you use the carburter tickler? 

In starting when an excess of gasoline vapor is needed. 

How and why would you use the carbureter tickler? 

Press the float down by means of the tickler, forcing gasoline out 
of spray nozzle in the carbureter, thereby giving a rich mixture 
for starting. 

What is meant by the motor expression “priming”? 

Injecting gasoline or kerosene into the cylinder through the 


100 
























cylinder pet-cock, called piiming the engine or forcing gasoline 
from the spray nozzle in the carbureter, called priming the car¬ 
bureter. 


Troubles and Remedies. 

185. Q. Why do carbureters require adjustment? 

A. Because of the difference of temperature and various heights above 
sea level, the specific gravity of air and gasoline may change to 
such an extent that the operation of the engine is affected. 

18 6. Q. Name two or more adjustments necessary on most carbureters. 

A. Adjusting gasoline for low speed, for high speed and adjustment 
for the air. 

18 7. Q. What is the first thing to do to the carbureter if the engine does 
not start readily? 

A. Manipulate the float valve or the tickler, in such a way the car¬ 
bureter is made to flood, also close temporarily the air passages. 



Figure 19. 

Stromberg carbureter, gasoline nozzle and air adjustments, 
non-eoneentric float is shown. 

188. Q. How would you adjust the float valve? 

A. The float should he adjusted so that the carbureter will not flood, 
the gasoline level should he a trifle higher than the top of the 
spray nozzle so that a bubble will form at the mouth of the 
spray nozzle. 

189. Q. How would you adjust a carbureter for low speed, with needle 

valve? 

A. With the spark retarded, adjust the needle valve until the engine 
runs smoothly and without missing, if the mixture is too rich, 
turn valve to the right, reducing the supply; if too weak, turn 
needle valve to left increasing the supply. 

190. Q. How would you adjust a carbureter for high speed with needle 

valve? 

A With the spark about one quarter way advanced, the needle valve 
should be turned to the right or left, thereby increasing or 
decreasing the gasoline supply, as required, at the same time 


101 





























the throttle should he opened quickly, its maximum amount, 
when the engine runs smoothly and without missing, the ad¬ 
justment is correct. 

191. Q. How would you adjust in a carbureter the auxiliary air valve 
spring? 

A. The spring should be so adjusted that it allows the valve to only 
partly open when the engine is running free under load. 

19 2. Q. Cain better results be obtained by adjusting carbureter when 
engine is running idly or running on the road? 

A. Running under load on the road. 

19 3. Q. How can you know that you are running with an over rich mix¬ 
ture? 

A. On level roads, the radiator would heat up and also on hills when 
traveling at moderate speeds. 

19 4. Q. What are the indications that the mixture is too rich? 

A. See question above. 


195. Q. What is the effect of too much gasoline in the mixture? 

A. See question above. 

19 6. Q. Carbureter using a mechanical auxiliary valve and needle valve, 
give two ways of weakening the mixture. 

A. By decreasing the tension of the auxiliary valve and by screwing 
down on the needle valve. 

19 7. Q. Is it better to weaken the mixture with the needle valve or by 
decreasing the tension of the auxiliary air valve spring? 

A. Increase the tension of the auxiliary air valve spring. 

19 8. Q. How would you prevent flooding? 

A. Examine carbureter float for leaks and make better seating of the 
float valve. 

199. Q. How would you discover a leaky float? 

A. By shaking it to determine if any gasoline was inside. 

200. Q. What is the result of a leaky float, over rich or weak mixture? 
A. Over rich. 

201. Q. How would you repair a leaky copper float? 

A. Enlarge the hole with a yawl and use solder to close it, care being 
used to see that the proper float adjustment is again obtained. 

2 02. Q. How may a cork float become defective? 

A. Through faulty shellacing or age, the cork float may become sat¬ 
urated and lose its bouyancy. 

203. Q. What may happen to cork floats to affect the operation of the 

engine? ** 

A. Cork floats may become saturated and therefore not be able to 
regulate the level of gasoline in the float chamber, producing 
an over rich mixture. 

204. Q. How may a cork float which has lost its bouyancy become as 

good as ever? 


102 


A. After allowing it to thoroughly dry out in a warm, dry place, it 
should be coated with shellac. 


205. Q. How would you determine that gasoline was not flowing from the 
spray nozzle? 

A. With a full tank on priming or tickling the carbureter, no gaso- 

nie dropped from the spray nozzle, shows a stoppage of the 

passage. 


2 06. Q. What are the general symptoms of water in the gasoline.? 

A. Irregular running and a final stopping of the engine. 

207. Q. How may water be,kept out of the gasoline tank? 

A. By straining the gasoline entering the tank through chamois. 

2 08. Q. Describe a simple test for determining water in the gasoline 
bought at stores. 

A. Placing a small quantity of the liquid on any polished surface, 
if water be present it will collect in small globules. 

209. Q. Carbureter with a good adjustment and good mixture, what may 

happen to weaken the mixture? 

A. Air leaks. 

210. Q. What may be 'the result of a leaky intake pipe? 

A. A weakening of the mixture with misfiring. 

211. Q. Where would there be air leaks to weaken the mixture entering 

the cylinder? 

A. Pin holes in the inlet pipe or leaks at connections. 

212. Q. What causes back firing in the inlet pipe? 

A. Generally caused by a weak mixture. 

213. Q. How could you determine excess air was entering the carbureter 

through leaks? 

A. By dropping a little gasoline around pipe connections, if the leak 
is there the engine will pick up immediately. 

214. Q. What part of the engine may be adjusted poorly, showing excess¬ 

ive carbon deposit? 

A. The carbureter. 


215. Q. How can you determine that an excess carbon deposit is in the 
cylinders? 

A. The explosions in the cylinder may occur earlier than indicated by 
the position of the spark lever, due to pre-ignition and engine 
• will heat up excessively. 


216. Q. If you thought water present in the carbureter, what would you 

do? 

A. Open the carbureter pet-cock, drain the water off from the bottom. 

217. Q. What else may be the trouble with gasoline to make the engine 

run irregularly besides containing water? 

A. The gasoline may be stale cr low test. 

218. Q. Will a clogged air inlet cause an over rich or weak mixture? 

A. An over rich. 


103 


219. Q. If the carbureter needle valve is not closed properly, is an over 

rich or weak mixture the result? 

A. Over rich. 

220. Q. Having proper carbureter adjustments, name three external causes 

in the gasoline system causing a poor mixture? 

A. Air leaks at connections. 

Partly clogged gasoline pipe or carbureter. 

Water in gasoline. 

221. Q. What is surer method of starting in cold weather, than priming 

the carbureter? 

A. Priming the cylinders and holding an inlet valve closed tempor¬ 
arily. 

2 22. Q. What does excessive blue smoke generally mean? 

A. Too much oil being used, especially noticeable in new cars, in 
the latter case a good fault. 

223. Q. What does excessive dense white smoke mean? 

A. Too much oil, or too poor quality. 

224. Q. What should be the correct color of exhaust gases? 

A. Practically colorless. 

225. Q. In starting the engine, is it necessary to have an over rich mix¬ 

ture or a weak one? 

A. The mixture should always he in correct proportion for complete 
combustion, but for easy starting an over rich mixture is neces¬ 
sary. 

226. Q. What would be the result of dirt under the float valve? 

A. Flooding of the carbureter with an over rich mixture. 

227. Q. What would be the result of some dirt in the spray nozzle? 

A. Misfiring of the engine, if not closing the nozzle altogether. 

228. Q. Engine slows down, finally stops, where would you first look for 

the trouble? 

A. See if there is enough gasoline in the tank. 

229. Q. What indication shows that the gasoline is almost gone? 

A. Irregularity in firing and final stopping of the engine. 

23 0. Q. Gasoline tank full but no flow from spray nozzle, locate the 
trouble. 

A. Stoppage in the gasoline pipe or carbureter, due in the latter case 
to an accumulation of dirt on the strainer. 

231. Q. What care should the float chamber receive? 

A. The float chamber should be drained of gasoline and strainer 
cleaned. 

23 2. Q. What is meant by saying “the carbureter floods”? 

A. Gasoline flows from the spray nozzle or float chamber after the 
float valve is supposedly closed. 


104 


233. Q. Give two causes of carbureter flooding. 

A. Imperfect seating of the float valve on its seat and a leaky float. 

234. Q. What indication would show the mixture too lean? 

A. A weak action and possible missing of the engine without over¬ 
heating of the engine on good level roads. 

235. Q. What would happen if the carbureter air valve should stick? 

A. Over rich mixture and heating of the engine. 

Troubles and Remedies. 

236. Q. How can you tell you have a good mixture and therefore good 

carbureter adjustment? 

A. Advance the spark quickly, if the engine does not respond, it 
shows bad carbureter adjustment; with a good mixture the 
engine accelerates quickly. 

237. Q. Would a change in the tension of the valve spring affect the engine 

more at high or low speed? 

A. Low speed. 

238. Q. What does the expression “too weak a mixture” mean? 

A. Too little gasoline in proportion to the amount of air to produce 
a good mixture. 

239. Q. What does the expression “too lean a mixture” mean? 

A. See question above. 

240. Q. Why is a “weak mixture” dangerous? 

A. May cause explosions in the carbureter. 

241. Q. What is meant by the expression “too rich a mixture”? 

A. Too much gasoline in proportion to the amount of air used to pro¬ 
duce a good mixture. 

242. Q. What is meant by saying “the mixture is bad”? 

A. Too much or too little gasoline in proportion to the amount of 
air, or too much or too little air in proportion to amount of 
gasoline used. 

243. Q. What part of the engine generally needs adjusting, if smoky ex¬ 

haust issues from the muffler pipe? 

A. The carbureter. 

244. Q. What does black smoke from the muffler pipe generally signify? 
A. Bad carbureter adjustment and a consequent bad mixture, gen¬ 
erally caused by too much gasoline in proportion to amount of 
air used. 

245. Q. Dark smoky exhaust issuing from the muffler pipe, would you 

adjust the carbureter for over rich or weak mixture? 

A. Over rich. 

246. Q. How would you adjust carbureter for dark smoky exhaust gases? 

A. Adjust needle valve for an over rich mixture, noting if air inlet 
valve has been stuck and can have its maximum opening. 


105 


Throttle. 


247. 

248. 

249. 

250. 

251. 

252. 

253. 

254. 

255. 

256. 

257. 

258. 

259. 

260. 

261. 


Q. How can you effect a change in speed by means of the throttle? 

A. By opening 1 and closing the throttle. 

Q. How can you increase the speed of the engine? 

A. By opening the throttle. 

Q. Why does opening the throttle increase the speed? 

A. Opening the throttle allows more of the explosive mixture to 
enter the cylinder from the carbureter, securing almost a full 
charge, thereby increasing the explosive pressure which drives 
the car. 

Q. How is the explosive charge entering the cylinder controlled from 
the driver’s seat? 

A. By the hand throttle lever and foot accelerator pedal. 

Q. Under average condition, which would you use the most—hand 
throttle lever or foot accelerator? 

A. The loot accelerator. 

Q. When is it most desirable to use the foot accelerator? 

A. When quick acceleration is necessary. 

Q. What would be the correct position for throttle and spark lever 
in ascending steep hills. 

A. Throttle lever far advanced, spark lever retarded. 

Q. How can you race the engine? 

A. By opening the throttle wide, when the engine load is very light 
as when the car is stationary, engine running idly. 

Q. Why is racing the engine bad? 

A. The high speed of the engine under no load, vibrates the engine 
parts excessively, and is detrimental to the bearings. 

Q. How is the amount of mixture controlled that goes to the cylinder? 

A. Controlled by throttle or butterfly valve. 

Q. Where is the throttle or butterfly valve placed? 

A. In the carbureter above the mixing chamber. 

Q. Why is the throttle or butterfly valve used? 

A. It limits the amount of explosive mixture that may pass into the 
cylinders, thereby increasing or decreasing the speed of the car. 

Q. How is the butterfly or throttle valve controlled from the seat? 

A. By the throttle hand lever on the steering column, and acceler¬ 
ator pedal above the toe or foot board. 

GASOLINE 

Q. What fuel is mostly used in the automobile engine? 

A. Gasoline. 

Q. With what instrument would you test t)he specific gravity (grade) 
of gasoline? 

A. With a hydrometer. 


106 


262. Q. About what does the gasoline of today test? 

A. Between 50 and 05 Beaume’. 

2 63. Q. What is stale gasoline? 

A. Gasoline whose specific gravity is greater than fresh gasoline, due 
to the tact that it has lost so much by radiation, it is sometimes 
impossible to use it satisfactorily especially in starting. 

2 6 4. Q. Can kerosene and alcohol be used as a fuel in an automobile 
engine? 

A. Yes. 

265. Q. What is denatured alcohol? 

A. Alcohol to which has been added wood spirits which is a poison 
also benzine or other hydrocarbon. 

266. Q. Name one or more important points to be observed in caring for 

and handling gasoline. 

A. Gasoline should he kept in tightly closed vessels away from the air 
as much as possible and away from any flame. 

26 7. Q. Where is the proper place to store gasoline? 

A. In tanks under ground with pipes and a pump for pumping it 
when required. 

2 68. Q. How would you measure the height of gasoline in the tank at 
night? 

A. Where no guage is used, a stick may be employed, always bringing 
the stick or guage, if detachable to the light and not a candle 
or lamp to the gasoline tank unless a portable electric light is 
handy. 

2 69. Q. How can you prevent water and dirt from entering the tank? 

A. By straining the gasoline through a chamois cloth as it enters 
the tank. 

270. Q. Why is a leaking pipe or tank bad? 

A. A car standing and pipe or tank leaking, a pool forms under the 
car, this gasoline may catch fire and a serious fire be the result. 

271. Q. What may be the result of clogged dirt in the gasoline pipe? 

A. Partial or total stoppage of the gasoline system with a consequent 
irregular firing or final stopping of the engine. 

GASOLINE SYSTEM. 

272. Q. What three parts make up the gravity gasoline system? 

A. Gasoline tank, gasoline pipe, and carbureter. 

273. Q. Should the gasoline pipe be made of iron, brass or copper, and 

why? 

A. The pipe should be made of either brass or copper, as an iron pipe 
would rust, forming an oxide which would clog the carbureter 
gasoline passage. 

274. Q. Where does the gasoline go from the tank? 

A. To the carbureter. 


107 


275. Q. Name two methods of supplying gasoline from the tank to the 

carbureter. 

A. Pressure system or gravity system. 

276. Q. In gravity system, what would happen in ascending hills if car¬ 

bureter was on the same height as the gasoline tank? 

A. On going up hills, the gasoline would flow back into the tank and 
none would reach the carbureter, the engine stopping for want 
of fuel. 

2 77. Q. What is used to force gasoline from the tank in the air pressure 
system? 

A. Air pump. 

2 78. Q. Explain the gasoline air pressure system. 

A. A small air pump generally runs from the cam shaft, compresses 
air registering in pounds on a pressure guage on the dash, a 
pipe connecting from the tank to the air pump is used to con¬ 
duct the compressed air from the pump to the tank, connected 
to the top, the constant pressure on the top surface of the gas¬ 
oline in the tank, forces the gasoline through a pipe to the car¬ 
bureter. 


108 


OILING SYSTEM 


279. 

280. 

281. 


282. 


283 '. 


284. 

285. 

286. 

287. 


288. 


289 . 


Q. What should be used to lubricate the engine? 

A. Best grade cylinder oil. 

Q. Name two oiling systems used to lubricate the engine. 

A. Force feed or mechanical lubrication and splash system. 

Q. What is the difference between mechanical and pressure feed oil¬ 
ing system? 

A. In the mechanical system, oil is circulated by means of a pump, 
in pressure feed system, air under compression is led by pipes 
to top of the oil tank, thereby forcing the oil from the tank, 
the flow depending upon the adjustment of the needle valve. 

Q. Name the most important properties of a good engine lubricant. 

A. Free from dirt, should have body, absence of any acid and a high 
flash point. 

Q. How could you make a simple test of the engine oil with the 
fingers? 

A. By placing a little between the thumb and index finger squeezing 
and rubbing them together, contained dirt, and body of the oil 
may be determined to a great extent. 

Q. Name two styles of pump used for circulating oil in the engine. 

A. Gear and plunger pump. 

Q. Where is the oil placed in the automobile engine? 

A. In the crank case. 

Q. Why do yoy, put oil in the crank case? 

A. To lubricate the moving engine parts. 

Q. What moving parts are generally lubricated by the oil in the 
crank case? 

A. Piston, cylinder walls, connecting rod bearings and crank shaft 
bearings. 

Q. What is an important point to remember in pouring oil in a crank 
case ? 

A. To strain the oil and to pour in enough to reach the proper level 
in the crank case. 

Q. Engines having oil try-cocks on the side of the crank case, how 
could you determine the proper oil level? 

A. In filling, the try-cock is left open, when the oil reaches the level 
of the try-cock, oil will flow from the try-cock, showing the* 
proper oil level has been reached, the try-cock must then be 
closed. 


109 



2 9 0. Q. Is the oil strained as it flows from the crank case and if so where 
is the strainer generally placed. 

A. Yes, in the bottom of the crank case. 


291. Q. Should the flow of oil be adjusted for more or less flow, when the 
engine is new? 

A. More oil should he used. 


PUMP HOUS/NG 



DRIVING 
GEAR 


O/l INLET 


CONNECT/ON TO SIGHT 
f££Q ON DASH 


IDLER GEAR 


Figure 20. 

Oil gear pump, showing cover removed. 


292. Q. Explain the splash system of engine lubrication. 

A. Oil is poured into the crank case to such a depth, that the crank 
bearing end of the connecting rod in its revolution, splashes 
through it. In so doing the oil is splashed all over the crank 
case and an oily mist is formed which lubricates the hearings 
and all moving parts. 


29 3. Q. What is placed on the dash to show the circulation of the oil in 
the engine? 

A. Sight feed oiler. 

29 4. Q. How can you tell that the engine is properly oiled? 

A. By watching the oil flow through the glass in the sight feed oiler 
on the dash. 


295. Q. Describe a sight feed oiler? 

A. A round cylindrical glass tube, held in place on the dash by a 
brass support which has two holes top and bottom, allowing the 
oil to flow into the glass tube at the top, and out at the bottom, 
thus showing the operator the flow of oil at all times. 

296. Q. Why should it be necessary to have an adjustment for the engine 

oiling system? 

A. The flow of oil is not the same under all conditions of different 
speed and temperature changes. 


110 


297. 

298. 


299. 

300. 

301. 

302. 

303. 

304. 

305. 


Q. What is used to force the oil from the crank case to the sight 
feed on the dash. 

A. Pump. 

Q. Explain the use of grease cups, naming three or more places where 
they are used. 

A. Giease cups are used to hold the grease against the hearing sur¬ 
faces and for keeping the dirt out. They are generally ad¬ 
justed so as to regulate the supply used on spring and bolts, 
front axle steering knuckles, rear wheel hearings. 



Figure 21. 

Sight feed oiler, disassembled. 

Q. Explain a method of circulating engine oil using a pump. 

A. Oil in a crank case is forced by an oil pump through an oil pipe 
to sight feed on dash, from sight feed oil flows back to another 
section of the same pump, and is led from there to the various 
engine bearings and piston. 

Q. After how many miles running should oil in the crank case be 
replenished? 

A. Every 500 miles. 

Q. How would you clean the old oil from the crank case and use it 
again? 

A. Take a fine wire gauze over which is placed several layers of 
cotton waste, on pouring the oil over the waste, the oil reaching 
the bottom of the leceiver has been cleaned enough of foreign 
matter to be used over again, to which must he added some 
fresh oil to fill crank case to the desired depth. 

Q. What would happen in the cylinders if you used too much oil 
continually? 

A. Inside combustion chamber would become coated with carbon. 

Q. Name three parts of the engine that should receive lubrication. 

A. Piston, cylinder walls, and hearings. 

Q. What would probably happen to the engine if you used too little 
oil? 

A. Piston and cylinder walls would become scored and bearings 
ruined. 

Q. What would happen in the cylinder if you used oil of poor quality 
continually? 

A. Inside cylinder combustion chamber would become coated with 
carbon. 


Ill 






















306. Q. What is the cause of seizing of the bearings? 

A. Too little oil. 

3 07. Q. How would you prevent seizing of the hearings? 

A. By knowing the oiling system was clean, using the best lubricant 
and noting that oil continually flowed through the sight feed. 

308. Q. Knowing the trouble arising from using too much and too little 

oil which would you prefer? 

A. To use too much oil. 

309. Q. Would you pour into the crank case, gasoline or kerosene to clean 

it? 

A. Kerosene. 

310. Q. How would too much oil affect the running of the engine? 

A. Too much oil would show irregularity in engine running. 




112 



ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM 


311. Q. What makes up the mechanical water cooling system? 

A. Radiator, pump, rubber hose connection, inlet and outlet water 
pipe and cylinder water jacket. 

312. Q. What makes up the gravity water cooling system? 

A. Radiator, rubber hose connections, inlet and outlet pipe and cyl¬ 
inder water jacket. 

313. Q. What happens in the cylinder to develop heat? 

A. The heat from the explosions, and heat from the compression of 
the charge. 


314. Q. Is it necessary to use some form of cooling the cylinder walls? 

A. Yes. 


315. Q. Why is it necessary to use some form of cooling for the cylinders? 
A. Due to the high temperature of the explosions, no effective oiling 
system could he used, and the piston and cylinder walls would 
consequently he badly pitted, seize and inoperative. 


316. Q. What name is given to that part of the cylinder around which the 
water circulates? 

A. The cylinder water jacket. 


317. Q. Name two different systems for circulating the water. 

A. Gravity or natural circulation and mechanical circulation. 



Figure 22. 

Radiator or cooler, showing hot water inlet pipes to cooler from engine, and 
cool water outlet pipe at bottom, which connects with a rubber hose 
connection to the bottom of the cylinder water jacket. 

318. Q. Explain the direction of the circulation in the gravity system of 
circulating water. 


113 







































A. The heated water from the cylinders circulates to the top of the 
radiator, through the engine outlet pipe, trickling to bottom of 
radiator, out from bottom of radiator, and back to the bottom 
of cylinder water jackets. 

319. Q. What causes the circulation of water from the top of the cyl¬ 
inder? 

A. Water when heated rises, the cooler water from below from the 
radiator taking its place, thus a continuous natural method of 
circulation is the result. 

3 20. Q. Why is the radiator used? 

A. The radiator is used to cool the heated water from the engine. 


ft A D/A TOR FAN 

FAN SP/NDLE 


WATEft 
PUMP 


IVATEft OUTLET 


EXHAUST 
MAN/FOLD 



BREATHE ft 
TUBE 


FAN BELT 


FAN PULLEY 


Figure 23. 

Front view, showing fan connected to crank shaft by belt, water outlet 
pipe and location of water pump, driven by gears incraink case. 

3 21. Q. Where is the radiator generally placed and why? 

A. The radiator is generally placed in front of the automobile, in 
this position the greatest surface can be obtained conveniently 
for efficient radiation. 

32 2. Q. Describe a radiator. 

A. A radiator consists of a number of round or flattened tubes, fast¬ 
ened together but with air spaces between them and made in 


114 





such a way so as to present the largest area possible to the in¬ 
coming air. 1 lie heated water from the engine trickles down 
these tubes and the air passes between them. 

32 3. Q. Why is a fan used? 

A. To help cool the engine by drawing the air through the air spaces 
in the radiator. 

3 24. Q. How is the water circulated in the mechanical system of lubri¬ 
cation? 

A. By means of a pump or other mechanical means. 

325. Q. What would happen to the engine if the water pump should 
break? 

A. Overheating of the engine. 

32 6. Q. Explain the action of a water gear pump. 

A. The intermeshing gears, fit close to the inside casing, one the 
driving and the other the driven gear, water entering the pump, 
is caught a little at a time between the space between the teeth, 
and the casing, carried around and forced out at the outlet 
opening. 

327. Q. Where would you look for a cylinder inlet water connection? 

A. At the bottom of the cylinder water jacket. 

328. Q. Where would you look for the cylinder outlet connection? 

A. On the top of the cylinder. 



DRAIN PLUG 


WATER. OUTLET . 


WATER //V LET 


PUMP 


PACKING 

GLAND 


DRA/N PLUG 


CONNECTION 
TO RAD/A TOR 


Fis'tire 24. 

Fan water pump, showing fan (or impeller) which is the medium used 
for circulating the water in the mechanical system. 

329 Q Why is the cylinder water outlet connection at the top? 

A. Because water on being heated rises and the heated water must 
therefore leave the cylinder from the top. 


115 




330. Q. How is the water pump generally driven? 

A. By gears. 

331. Q. Why is the cylinder inlet connection at the bottom? 

A. Because the cool water should enter the cylinder from the bottom 
and when heated leave at the top for efficient cooling. 

3 3 2. Q. What should be about the correct temperature of the cooling 
system? 

A. A few degrees below boiling. 

3 33. Q. Explain the air cooling system. 

A. The cylinders are so constructed that the very largest area con¬ 
veniently possible is presented to the inrushing air for rapid 
heat radiation, cooling is further accomplished by means of a 
fan. 


334. Q. 

A. 


335. Q. 

A. 


336. Q. 

A. 


3 3 7. Q. 

A. 

33 8. Q. 

A. 

339. Q. 

A. 


340. Q. 

A. 


341. Q. 
A. 

342. Q. 

A. 


How is the fan driven to cool the engine? 

Either by belt, chain, or gears, driven from either the crank shaft 
or cam shaft. 

Why is it necessary to have rubber connections from radiator to 
engine? 

Due to the excessive twisting strains to which the automobile is 
subjected over bad roads, if all pipe connections were used be¬ 
tween engine and radiator these would be subjected to such 
strains that they would be damaged. 

Name two places where rubber connections are used in an auto¬ 
mobile. 

Between engine and radiator for both inlet and outlet pipe. 

Troubles, Remedies and Repairs. 

If the radiator becomes clogged what happens? 

Partial stoppage of water cooling system, presenting less surface 
for heat radiation with a consequent overheating of the engine. 

If the radiator leaks, what happens? 

Loss of water from the cooling system and consequent overheat¬ 
ing of the engine. 

How could you determine that the engine was overheating? 

Steam issuing from the radiator, or a blanket of heat rising around 
the engine hood, or preignition of the charge. 

Water boils in the radiator, give four or more reasons what the 
trouble might be? 

Driving too much with retarded sparky excessive carbon deposit 
in the cylinder, partial stoppage of the water circulating system, 
mud covered radiator, clogged muffler, fan belt slipping, using 
low gear continuously on a long drive, lack of oil. 

What might happen if cold w'ater was used to cool a hot engine? 

It might crack the cylinders. 

When is a fan adjustment necessary? 

When the fan belt slips. 


116 


343. Q. 
A. 

344. Q. 
A. 

345. Q. 

A. 

346. Q. 
A. 

347. Q. 

A. 

348. Q. 

A. 

349. Q. 

A. 


350. Q. 

A. 


What might happen if the fan belt breaks? 

A probable overheating' of the motor. 

What is a good temporary repair for a leaky radiator? 

To cement it. 

Would it be advisable for you to solder a leaky radiator? 

No. 

Why would you not solder a leaky radiator? 

Because of the heat applied other joints near the leak may be 
started, making the repair worse, instead of better. 

How can you tell the cooling system is performing its work prop¬ 
erly? 

The engine should not overheat with the spark advanced. 

In filling radiator with fresh water, name some of the good qual¬ 
ities this water should have. 

Clean and clear, (free from foreign matter) and free from alkali 
and acids. 

How would you thoroughly clean tlhe water cooling system? 

After draining out stale water by opening pet-cocks in bottom of 
radiator, dissolve common washing soda in warm water until the 
solution is saturated, close pet-cocks and pour solution in 
radiator and run the engine thus, circulating solution through 
the radiator and around the water jackets, by running the engine 
about 20 minutes. Drain off the solution and add clean fresh 
water and drain as before, thoroughly cleaning out any solu¬ 
tion which might have been left. 

What care would you take of the rubber hose from the engine to 
the radiator? 

The rubber hose should be kept clean, free from oil and as much as 
possible away from the heat of the engine. 


117 


COLD WEATHER 


351. Q. How could you determine that all the water had frozen in the 

water cooling system? 

A. If on opening the pet-cocks at the bottom of radiator, no water 
runs from the opening, the water in the system has been frozen, 
it would he impossible to crank the engine using mechan¬ 
ical circulation. 

352. Q. If the water in the cylinder water jacket freezes what might 

happen? 

A. The cylinder water jacket would probably crack. 

353. Q. How can you keep the water system warm when leaving the car. 
A. By throwing a heavy blanket over hood and radiator. 

354. Q. What anti-freezing solution would you use in cold weather? 

A. Alcohol. 

355. Q. What percentage anti-freezing solution would you use for about 

0° degree weather? 

A. 25 per cent. 

3 5 6. Q. With no anti-freezing solution in radiator, leaving car over night, 
what would you do to cooling system to prevent freezing? 

A. Drain all water from the system. 


118 



these 

357. 

358. 

359. 

360. 

361. 

362. 

363. 

364. 


365. 

366. 


IGNITION SYSTEM 


Note.— Questions on present day self-starters are not considered in 
questions on ignition. 


Q. 


A. 


Q. 

A. 

Q. 

A. 


Q. 


A. 


Q. 


A. 


Q. 


A. 

Q. 


A. 

Q. 


A. 


Q. 


Q. 


Name three important parts of an automobile ignition system. 

Magneto, conducting wire and spark plug. 

Why is it necessary to have an ignition system? 

To ignite the explosive mixture from the carbureter. 

What is meant by the “double system of ignition”? 

The use of two separate systems to ignite the compressed charge 
in the cylinders, two spark plugs, high tension magneto, dash 
coils and batteries being used, both systems can be used at the 
same time or independently. 

Name two sources of electric energy used for automobile engines? 

Battery and magneto. 

What electric units are used for measuring the strength of 
current? 

Volts and amperes. 

Why is a volt meter used? 

To measure the voltage (pressure) of the current. 

Why is an ameter used? 

To measure the quantity of current. 

What is a short circuit? 

A short circuit is a defect in the ignition system that allows the 
current to escape, completing the circuit following the path of 
least resistance to its original source. 



Figure 25. 

Magneto. 

Explain meaning “the circuit is ground”. 

The current flowing through the metal part of the engine as the 
return to the original source, completing the circuit. 


SPARK PLUG 


What is the name of the part screwing into the cylinder which 
is the cause of the explosions? 

Spark plug. 


119 












367. Q. Why is the spark plug used? 

A. To act as the medium in the cylinder by which the spark is formed. 

368. Q. Where would you screw the spark plug in the cylinder? 

A. Into the inlet valve plug or cap over the inlet valve. 

369. Q. What ignition system is now mostly used in automobile engines, 

make and break, or jump spark? 

A. Jump spark. 

37 0. Q. What materials are generally used for insulating spark plugs? 

A. Porcelain and mica. 

3 71. Q. Describe a spark plug. 

A. A metal stem extending through the plug and insulated by porce¬ 
lain or mica from the metal threaded part which screws into 
the engine. The end of the stem should not touch the surround¬ 
ing metal at any point, hut form an air gap with it, across which 
the spark is said to jump. 



Figure 27. 

Splitdorf Magneto. 

3 7 2. Q. What is the name given to the spark plug across which the spark 
is said to jump? 

A. Air gap. 

3 73. Q. What should be about the correct distance of the air gap in a 
spark plug? 

A. 1-32 of an inch or less. 


SWITCH 

374. Q. From the seat how would you complete the circuit in an automo¬ 
bile? 

A. Ry turning the arm of the switch to point marked “battery” or 
“magneto.” 


120 



375. Q. How would you stop the motor using a part of the ignition 

system? 

A. Throw switch in “OFF” position thereby cutting off the electric 
current. 

376. Q. What is the ignition switch for? 

A. To close and open the electric circuit. 

37 7. Q. In cranking motor what position should switch arm be in, mag¬ 
neto or battery side? 

A. Battery side. 


WIRES 

378. Q. What conducts the electricity to the desired place? 

A. Insulated wires. 

379. Q. What is the name given to the covering of the electric wires? 

A. Insulation. 



Figure 2(i. 

Wiring- diagram, showing- method of wiring magneto 
to dash .spark eoil and batteries. 

3 8 0. Q. Why is insulation used to cover electric wires? 

A. To keep off moisture, oil, and dirt from the metal wire and pre¬ 
vent leakage of current. 

381. Q. What is the lead wire? 

A. The wire leading from the source of electric energy. 

382. Q. What is the return wire? 

A. The wire by which the electric current flows back to the source 
of electric energy. 

3 82A. Q. What name is given to the set of wires from the coil to the spark 
plug? 

A. Secondary wires. 

383. Q. What name is given to the set of wires from the magneto to the 

spark plugs? 

A. Secondary wires. 


121 

































384. Q. Why are wires called secondary or high tension wires? 

A. Because they are said to carry the high tension current from the 
high tension magneto or coil. 

385. Q. What are the wires leading from the batteries called? 

A. Primary or low tension wires. 



Figure 28. 

Wiring diagram, showing spark coil and switch. 

386. Q. Why are wires called primary or low tension wires? 

A. Because they are said to carry the low tension current generated 
by the low tension magneto or batteries. 

38 7. Q. What is a commutator? 

A. A part resembling a switch, the metal arm revolving, the body 
held stationary, the arm comes in contact in turn with metal 
parts insulated from the body, thereby completing the circuit 
through the metal parts in contact. 

3 8 8. Q. Why is a commutator used? 

A. A commutator is used so that the circuit will be complete during 
only pre-designated periods of the cycle of the engine, allowing 
the spark to occur in the cylinder at the proper instant. 

MAGNETO. 

3 89. Q. Name the part mostly used to generate an electric current. 

A. Magneto. 

39 0. Q. Does the magneto generate an electric current when the engine is 

not running? 

A. No. 

3 91. Q. Name the revolving part that generates a current in a magneto. 

A. Armature. 

39 2. Q. What is used to collect the current generated by the magneto 
armature? 

A. Carbon or copper gauze brushes. 


122 
























39 3. Q. Can a motor be run without a magneto? 

A. Yes. 

39 4. Q. What is the purpose of a magneto? 

A. To generate a current to ignite the explosive charge in the cyl¬ 
inder. 

39 5. Q. Name three or more important parts of a magneto. 

A* Armature, magnets, breaker box, platinum points and brushes. 



Wiring diagram, showing magneto wired to transformer. 

39 6. Q. What tw T o types of magnetos are used? 

A. Low tension and high tension. 

3 97. Q. Explain low tension magneto. 

A. When a low tension current is generated, the voltage is not strong 
enough to ignite the compressed explosive mixture without the 
help of a coil, wires from the magneto lead to the coil, where 
the voltage is increased. 

39 8. Q. Explain high tension magneto. 

A. The coil is self contained in the armature winding and a high 
tension current is generated, the secondary wires leading direct 
from the magneto distributor to spark plugs. 

399. Q. What would you say was the advantage of high tension magneto 
system over magneto and coil system? 

A. Simplicity of wiring. 

4 0 0. Q. How are magnetos generally driven? 

A. By gears. 

4 01. Q. What is the magneto breaker box? 

A. A casing inclosing the mechanism for making and breaking the 
primary circuit. 

4 02. Q. In the breaker box, what are the points called that make and 
break the primary circuit? 

A. Platinum points. 


123 


































4 03. Q. In the breaker box, whet is used to separate the platinum points 
and to what is it fastened? 

A. Cam; fastened to the magneto armature shaft. 

404. Q. Where is the magneto platinum point adjusting screw? 

A. In the magneto breaker box. 

405. Q. Why are the platinum points in the breaker box made adjustable? 

A. Due to the wear and sparking at this point, to prevent excessive 

sparking and to take up the wear of these points, an adjust¬ 
ment, increasing or decreasing the space between them is nec- 
eessary. 

4 06. Q. What is the correct distance between the platinum points in the 
magneto breaker box? 

A. About 1-32 of an inch or less. 

407. Q. What name is given to the magneto part that distributes the 
current to the proper cylinders? 

A. Distributor. 

4 08. Q. How can you tell by looking at the magneto distributor w r here the 
secondary wires are to go in a four cylinder motor? 

A. The four points of contact in the distributor are marked with 
numbers, one, two, three, four; number one cylinder should be 
connected to number one distributor post, and so on. 



409. Q. Why is the coil used? 

A. To increase the voltage of the current generated by the magneto. 

410. Q. Name two sets of windings in a coil? 

A. Primary and secondary windings. 

411. Q. Name three necessary parts that make up a coil? 

A. Iron core, primary and secondary winding. 

412. Q. What else should there be besides iron core, primary and second¬ 

ary winding in a coil? 

A. Condenser. 


413, Q. Why is a condenser used? 


124 














A. lo help remedy the excessive sparking between the platinum points 
by absorbing the self induced current of the primary winding and 
preventing the rapid fall of the primary current. 

414. Q. Name two types of coils? 

A. Vibrating and non-vibrating. 

415. Q. State the difference in operation between vibrating and non¬ 

vibrating coil? 

A. A vibrator coil gives a series of sparks whereas the plain coil gives 
only one. 

416. Q. What is the magneto vibrator of a coil? 

A. A flattened steel spring which oscillates on the rapid make and 
break of the current. 

417. Q. What is placed on the coil magneto vibrator for adjustments? 

A. Adjusting screw. 

418. Q. What is the general construction of the coil magneto vibrator 

screw? 

A. A brass screw tipped with platinum. 

419. Q. Why are the magnetic vibrator points of a coil tipped with plat¬ 

inum? 

A. Due to the intense heat of electric sparks formed on the break of 
the current, which cannot be entirely remedied, platinum, hav¬ 
ing the highest melting point of any metal, is used. 

BATTERIES. 

4 2 0. Q. In an ignition circuit on which should the number of cells be 
based? 

A. Upon the design of the coil, that is if the coil is a 4 or C volt coil, 
no more than a four or six volt storage battery or dry cells 
should be used. 

421. Q. Why are storage batteries or dry cell batteries used? 

A. To give a maximum constant current when circuit is complete 
with the ceil without using any mechanical means to produce 
it, this is especially advantageous in starting. 

422. Q. In testing new dry cells, what should the amoneter read? 

A. About 25 to 30 and not less than 21 amperes. 

4 23. Q. Why are dry cells used with cars using magnetos? 

A. For staiting, the batteries generate a constant current operating 
with a coil at even slow cranking ignites the charge, the current 
generated by the magneto in cranking is not always great 
enough to ignite the charge. 

424. Q. In testing the dry cells what should the voltmeter read? 

A. About lVz and not less than 1 % volts. 

425. Q. Where are the batteries generally located? 

A. Under the seat. 


125 


426. Q. When only are dry cells used? 

A. In starting. 

427. Q. How should 4 or 6 dry cells be connected together for voltage? 

A. In series. 

428. Q. How are batteries connected in series? 

A. The positive or carbon electrode of one battery (in the center of 
the cell) is connected with the negative or zinc electrode of 
the other, (on the side of the cell). 

429. Q. What is a timer? 

A. A part, resembling a circular switch, the metal arm fastened to 
a shaft in the center, revolving and insulated from the body. 
The arm in its revolution makes contact with insulated metallic 
segments ( as many as there are cylinders) thus opening and 
closing the primary circuit for certain periods, necessary to com¬ 
plete the circuit through the secondary winding, allowing the 
spark to occur between certain positions in the piston travel. 

4 2 0A. Q. Magneto breaker box platinum points become pitted, engine fires 
irregularly, what is the remedy? 

A. They should he filed with a small smooth file until the contact 
is again right and clearance of the points set 1-32 of an 
inch or less. 

BATTERIES (Trouble and Remedies) 

421 A. Q. What precaution should be used in making battery and all other 
wire connections? 

A. The terminals should he thoroughly cleaned and made tight. 

4 2 2A. Q. Figuring voltage of a dry cell as iy 2 volts, and amperage as 
25 amperes, what is the voltage and amperage of four cells in 
series? 

A. 0 volts and 25 amperes. 

423A. Q. If more cells are added in series than required what trouble 
would this cause? 

A. Quick depreciation in the life of the batteries and a so called 
burning out of the coil. 

424A. Q. When should batteries be replaced? 

A. If running on batteries alone, gasoline system working 
properly, explosions are weak or irregular, a new set of batteries 
should, be used. 


425A. Q. If batteries were weak, would you add new cells to the old ones 
or replace old by a new set? 

A. Replace old set by a new set. 

426A. Q. What is the voltage of a full charged storage battery? 

A. 2 f 2 volts. 


126 


427A. Q. Are the positive and negative connections the same in storage 
battery as in a dry cell? 

A. No, just tli© reverse. 

SPARK PLUG (Trouble and Remedies) 

428A. Q. Spark shown by spark plug lying on cylinder when cranking does 
this show that the same spark will occur in the cylinder? 

A. No. 

429A. Q. Why is the spark not as fat in the engine under working con¬ 
ditions as in the air? 

A. Due to the compression of the mixture on the compression stroke, 
the density of the gas as compared with air increases and spark 
meets with greater resistance. 

43 0. Q. What is the most important care to be taken with spark plugs? 

A. They must he kept clean. 

431. Q. How would you clean a fouled spark plug? 

A. With a tooth brush and gasoline if the carbon is soft, with emery 
cloth and kerosene if the carbon is hard. 

4 3 2. Q. What may happen to spark plug insulation if the plug gets too 
hot? 

A. The insulation may crack. 

43 3. Q. If the spark plug gets too 'hot and cracks, how will the operation 
of the engine be affected? 

A. May cause misfiring. 

434. Q. Give two causes of misfiring due to the defective spark plug? 

A. Cracked insulation, dirty electrodes. 

435. Q. What is the most common cause of spark plug troubles? 

A. Fouling of the plug by carbon. 

COIL (Trouble and Remedies) 

43 6. Q. In adjusting the vibrator on a coil will screwing the points nearer 
increase or decrease the rapidity of vibration? 

A. Increase. 

437. Q. How would you find the missing cylinder of a four cylinder en¬ 
gine by manipulating the four spark coil vibrators? 

A. Hold down while the engine is being cranked, all but one vibrator 
successively, until the missing cylinder is found. 

43 8. Q. Platinum points of the vibrator coil become pitted, what is the 
remedy? 

A. File each end smooth with a file and readjust the space between 
them by trial. 

43 9. Q. Why do the platinum points of the vibrator need adjustment? 

A. Because they become worn and pitted. 

440. Q. What may happen to a new coil using a voltage higher than it 
should be? 

A. The coil would be said to be burned out due to the excess voltage. 


127 


SPARK PLUG—Trouble and Remedies. 

4 41. Q. Wbat can be done to observe a spark occuring at the spark plug 
electrodes? 

A. Unscrew the plug 1 and place the metal part on the cylinder and 
crank the motor. 

4 4 2. Q. Name the defects of a spark plug, making it hard to start the 
engine. 

A. The plug points (electrodes) may be separated too far. 

A. The plug may be short circuited. 

A. The plug may be fouled with carbon deposit. 

4 43. Q. What would you use to make a tight fit of the spark plug in the 
cylinder? 

A. Gasket. 

444. Q. How would the running of a four cylinder engine be affected by 

a fouled spark plug? 

A. The electric circuit for that cylinder may be short circuited 
causing misfiring. 

MAGNETO—Trouble and Remedies. 

445. Q. What may be the result of dirt getting between magneto arma¬ 

ture and fields? 

A. Short circuit. 

446. Q. What may be the result of dirt getting between platinum points 

in the magneto breaker box? 

A. Short circuit. 

4 4 7. Q. What may be the result of flooding armature and magneto with 
oil? 

A. Short circuit. 

448. Q. What care should magnetoes receive? 

A. Kept clean, covered so that no dirt or moisture can get into the 
magneto and bearings oiled with a drop of oil every 1000 miles. 

449. Q. What would be the result of a short circuit in the magneto? 

A. Engine would stop. 

4 5 0. Q. What two causes will short circuit a magneto? 

A. Oil or moisture between the platinum points and brushes, wear¬ 
ing away of the bearings until the armature winding touches 
the field magnets. 

451. Q. What may be the result of water in the magneto? 

A. No current flows from the magneto, the engine stops. 

452. Q. After how many miles should the magneto bearings be oiled? 

A. Every 1000 miles. 

453. Q. How much oil should be used in oiling the magneto bearings? 

A. One drop. 

454. Q. With the ignition system and cairbureter in perfect working 

order, with plenty of gasoline, motor will not start, where 
is the trouble? 

A. Switch arm not on battery side, (no electric current.) 


128 


455. Q. Give three causes in the ignition circuit to cause misfiring? 

A. \\ ire connection loose, spark plug electrodes too far apart, mag¬ 
neto platinum points not always making good contact. 

4 5 6. Q. What causes pre-ignition? 

A. Any small particle in the cylinder, or small projecting piece 
which may become heated to incandescence, or the spark plug 
may have become red hot. 

45 7 Q. What is pre-ignition? 

A. The firing of the compressed explosive charge, different from 
the regular order of firing, as shown by the position of the 
spark lever. 

458. Q. Engine stops suddenly, give two reasons what might be the 
trouble in the ignition system. 

A. Magneto ground switch arm not making electrical contact, broken 
wire in the primary circuit. 

4 59. Q. If one of the secondary wires become broken how would the 
engine act? 

A. Fire irregularly. 

4 6 0. Q. What may be the effect of defective insulation? 

A. Short circuit. 

461. Q. Give two causes of a short circuit. 

A. Defective insulation, excess of dirt or oil in magneto working 
parts. 

4 6 2. Q. What may be the result of a short circuit in one cylinder of a 
four cylinder motor? 

A. Misfiring of the engine. 

4 63. Q. What causes engine to run after switch arm is turned to “OFF” 
position? 

A. Over heated engine or spark plug electrodes, incandescence par¬ 
ticle or excessive carbon deposit. 

464. Q. How may a loose connection in the ignition circuit affect the 
engine? 

A. Cause misfiring. 

4 65. Q. Engine misfires trouble is in the spark plug, what may the 
trouble be? 

A. Spark plug electrodes too far apart. 

466. Q. What would be the result of getting a spark plug wire connected 
up to the wrong engine cylinder? 

A. Misfiring. 

SPARK CONTROL. 

4 6 7. Q. What should be the position of the hand spark lever before 
cranking? 

A. Hand spark should be fully retarded. 


129 


468. Q. What would be the result if the hand spark lever was advanced 
in cranking? 

A. Back kick. 

4 69. Q. What causes a back kick in starting? 

A. Spark lever advanced, causing ignition of the explosive mix¬ 
ture, pushing the piston down before it has passed top dead 
center. 

470. Q. If you could not close the throttle, due to a break or being 
stuck, how would you stop the engine? 

A. Throw the switch arm to the “OFF” side thereby shutting off 
the current. 

4 71. Q. When running on the road when would you advance the spark? 

A. At all times the spark should he advanced as far as possible 
without a knock appearing. 

4 72. Q. What would happen on continually running the engine with the 
spark retarded? 

A. A knock would appear with over heating of the motor and a 
heavy carbon deposit would form in the cylinder. 

473. Q. Why do you advance the spark? 

A. An advanced spark allows the explosion pressure with a good car¬ 
bureter adjustment to reach its highest maximum, thereby giv¬ 
ing more power and a saving in fuel, and less heating of the 
motor, than any other position of the spark lever. 

4 7 4. Q. What happens when the spark occurs too early? 

A. Back kick. 

4 75. Q. What position of the spark lever may cause a knock? 

A. Lever advanced too far. 

476. Q. When do you retard the spark? 

A. Under any conditions when a spark knock is heard. 

4 7 7. Q. Why do you retard the spark when a knock is heard? 

A. A knock is detrimental to the engine bearings and parts. 

4 78. Q. What is the effect on the engine when running with a retarded 
spark? 

A. The engine over heats. 

479. Q. In what position should the spark lever always be placed when 
running? 

A. Advanced as far as possible, without a knock appearing. 

4 80. Q. If a knock appears running with a retarded spark, what would 
you do? 

A. Advance spark until knock disappears. 

4 81. Q. If a knock appears running with spark advanced, what might 
the trouble be? 

A. Loose engine hearings, fly-wheel or connecting rod, or pre¬ 
ignition. 


130 


CLUTCH 


482. Q. 

A. 

483. Q. 
A. 


484. Q. 

A. 

485. Q. 

A. 

486. Q. 

A. 


487. Q. 

A. 

488. Q. 
A. 

489. Q. 

A. 


490. Q. 

A. 


491. Q. 

A. 


Why is a clutch used? 

To connect and disconnect the engine from the rest of the mech¬ 
anism. 

Where is the clutch placed in an automobile? 

At the rear end of the engine between the engine and trans¬ 
mission. 



Figure 32. 

Multiple disc elutch. 

What does the clutch connect with besides the engine? 

The transmission. 

Name two types of clutches. 

Cone clutch and multiple disc clutch. 

Describe a cone clutch. 

The inside rim of the fly-wheel is machined bevel, the outside rim 
of the clutch drum is beveled at the same angle and wrapped with 
leather, or other non-friction material. This clutch drum nor¬ 
mally held by a spring against the fly-wheel, fits on a shaft, on 
which it revolves, and by suitable connections, operated from 
the foot, can be slid into or out of engagement with the fly¬ 
wheel at the will of the operator. 

What holds the clutch drum tightly against the fly-wheel? 

Clutch spring. 

With what is the clutch face of the cone drum wrapped? 

Leather or other non-friction material. 

What do you mean by the expression “the clutch is in?” 

The clutch parts attached to the clutch transmission driven mem¬ 
ber are pressed against the clutch engine driving member by 
the clutch spring. 

What do you mean by the expression “the clutch is out?” 

The engine or clutch driving, and clutch driven members are 
separated so that the engine crank shaft may turn without 
turning the transmission gears. 

What material is used to fasten the clutch leather? 

Copper rivets. 


131 















492. Q. What takes the place of leather as the friction surface in a 
multiple disc clutch? 

A. Metal discs. 

4 9 3. Q. How are drive and driven discs in a multiple disc clutch assem¬ 
bled with respect to each other? 

A. They alternate, no two driving or driven discs being placed to¬ 
gether, with frictional surfaces in contact. 

494. Q. What action does the oil play in a multiple disc clutch? 

A. The oil between the plates, besides lubricating the friction sur¬ 
faces, acts as an oily film, which enables the discs to come to¬ 
gether gradually, squeezing out the oil which tends to give a 
gradual engagement when the clutch is let in. 



CRANK 

SHAFT 


SPRMG 


SMALL 

SPRMG 


PLUNGER 


L FATHER 
EACMG 


CLUTCH 
CONE 


GREAS 


CUP 


CLUTCH 
S PM OLE 


GREASE 
PLUG \ 


THRUST 

BEARMG 


Figure 31. 

Clm c h. 

4 9 5. Q. How is the clutch operated? 

A. By foot pedal. 

496. Q. How would you throw the clutch out? 

A. By pressing down on the clutch foot pedal. 

49 7. Q. How would you operate the clutch foot pedal when you wish to 
stop? 

A. Push down on the clutch foot pedal. 


132 








4 9 8. Q. About to start, with, engine running, what would you do with 

the clutch foot pedal? 

A. Press down, thereby throwing the clutch out. 

499. Q. What is meant by the term “de clutch”? 

A. To press down on the clutch foot pedal, thereby throwing the 
clutch out. 

500. Q. When is it necessary to “de clutch”? 

A. In starting and in changing speeds. 

5 01. Q. Why is it necessay to “de clutch” when changing speeds? 

^* I* Hie clutch were not thrown out in changing speeds,* undue 
strain would be put on the mechanism, and the engine, due to 
the overload imposed upon it, in most cases would stall. 

502. Q. How should the clutch be engaged, quickly or gradually? 

A. Gradually. 

503. Q How is it indicated to the driver that the clutch slips? 

A. Car starts and picks up slowly. 

50 4. Q. What is the trouble when the car starts slowly with clutch in. 

A. Clutch slips. 

505. Q. Would you disengage the clutch in changing from 1st speed to 
any other speed? 

A. Yes. 

50 6. Q. How would the car act in operation if the clutch spring was 
weak? 

A. The clutch would drag and the car would not accelerate quickly, 
especially noticeable when the clutch was let in. 

507. Q. What is a “fierce clutch”? 

A. A clutch that takes hold too suddenly. 

508. Q. What would be the probable remedy for a “fierce clutch”? 

A. Soften the leather on a cone clutch, and clean discs with kero¬ 
sene and add fresh machine oil to a multiple disc clutch. 

509. Q. What is the meaning “the clutch drags”? 

A. The clutch disengagement is not complete. 

510. Q. What would be the remedy for a dragging clutch? 

A. Tightening the clutch spring by turning the clutch spring and 
adjusting nut. 

511. Q. What is the meaning “the clutch seizes”? 

A. A clutch that takes hold too suddenly. 

512. Q. What might cause a slipping cone clutch,? 

A. Oil getting between the friction surfaces. 

513. Q. What might cause a slipping multiple disc clutch? 

A. Weak clutch spring. 

514. Q. How would you remedy a slipping multiple disc clutch? 

A. Increase the tension of the clutch spring. 


133 


515. Q. 

A. 

516. Q. 
A. 

517. Q. 

A. 

518. Q. 
A. 

519. Q. 

A. 

520. Q. 

A. 

521. Q. 

A. 

522. Q. 

A. 


What causes the clutch to seize? 

The clutch surfaces have become too dry in a multiple disc clutch, 
and the leather too hard and high in spots in a cone clutch. 

What is a so-called “burned out clutch”? 

A clutch where the friction surfaces have been charred due to 
the heat of the friction surfaces. 

What causes a multiple disc clutch to burn out? 

Not enough oil. 

What causes a cone clutch to burn out? 

Continued running with the clutch partly engaged. 

How would you remedy a clutch that seizes? 

In a multiple disc clutch clean and use fresh oil, in a cone clutch 
soften leather with neats foot oil. 

What kind of oil would be best to soften the leather in a cone 
clutch? 

Neats foot or castor oil. 

Does a dry clutch slip or grip? 

Grip. 

What kind of oil is used in a multiple disc clutch? 

Best machine oil. 


134 


TRANSMISSION 


523. Q. Where are the change speed gears? 

A. In the transmission case directly back of the clutch in most cars, 
but contained as part of the rear axle in others. 

52 4. Q. Why are the change speed gears necessary? 

A. As an automobile engine of the four cycle type has hut one 
explosion in two revolutions of the crank shaft, the power 
effort is not great enough to run the car under all variable 
load condition. By means of the transmission gears, the same 
power of the engine can produce greater turning efforts at the 
rear wheels, hut to make up for the gain in power transmission, 
the speed of the car is correspondingly reduced. 



Figure 36. 

Transmission counter shaft. The counter shaft gears are keyed to this shaft. 

525. Q. Name two types of sliding gear transmission. 

A. Selective and progressive. 

5 2 6. Q. What is a progressive type of transmission? 

A. In the progressive type, the speed changes are progressive, as 
in starting from low to high speed the sliding gear must pass 
the gears of the intermediate speeds, the teeth of the sliding 
gear passing through the spaces between the teeth of each 
other change speed gear as the shift is made. 

52 7. Q. What is the selective type of transmission? 

A. In this type, any speed can he selected without any of the gears 
sliding past the teeth of any other gear to reach the desired 
speed change, the gear instead slides directly into mesh. 

528. Q. What are the parts called meshing together in the gear box to 
give the different speeds? 

A. Transmission or change speed gears. 



Figure 34. 

Transmission main shaft.. The transmission speed gears are slid on this shaft. 

529. Q. What is meant by the term “first speed”? 

A. The slowest speed obtained by intermeshing the slow speed gears 
in the transmission. 


135 



















530. Q. What is meant by the term “second speed”? 

A. The next higher speed to low speed at which the car would! 
travel forward, obtained from meshing the second speed gears 
in the transmission. 



Figure 33. 

Transmission sliding: gears. 

531. Q. What is meant by the term “third or fourth speed” when this is 

the direct drive? 

A. The highest speed at which the car would travel forward, obtained 
from meshing the high speed gears together in the transmission. 

532. Q. What is meant by the term “reverse speed”? 

A. The direction of the car is reversed by intermeshing the gears 
in the transmission. 



Figure 35. 

Transmission high speed gear. 

533. Q. W'hat is meant by the term “neutral position”? 

A. In this position of speed lever, change speed gears are out of 
mesh. 

534. Q. What is meant by the term “four speed transmission”? 

A. Four speeds forward and one reverse. 

535. Q. Would the car travel faster on 1st or 3rd speed? 

A. Third speed. 

536. Q. What is the name of the shaft on which the sliding gears slide? 
A. Transmission or main shaft. 

5 3 7. Q. What is the name of the shaft parallel to the transmission shaft 
in the gear case? 

A. Counter shaft. 

5 38. Q. Are the gears on the counter shaft, sliding or stationary? 

A. Stationary. 

539. Q. In the sliding gear type, how many gears must be in mesh for each 
speed, except high and reverse. 

A. Four. 


136 











Figure 37. 

Showing transmission gears in transmission gear box in neutral position. 



EMERGEHCY 
BRAKE 


SH/FTER 
FORKS 


SHAFT 


SH/FTER RODS 


CL UTCH 


■SHAFT 


THRUST 
WASHERS 


DR/V/A/G 


TRAHSAf/SS/OH COVER 
.LATCH 


0/L DRA/N 


GEAR LEVER 


UO/HT 


137 























TRANSMISSION SHOWING SPEED GEARS. 


See illustration, page 137. 

A.—High speed gear. 

G—Transmission shaft high and intermediate speed gear; for high 
speed G is slid forward into mesh with A; for intermediate G 
is slid into mesh with C. 

B—Countershaft high speed gear, always in mesh with A, when A 
turns clockwise, gear B and countershaft turn anti-clockwise. 

P—Transmission slow speed gear; F when slid into mesh with D, 
gives low speed; when slid into mesh with H, gives reverse 
speed. 

D—Countershaft slow speed gear. 

E—Countershaft reverse gear. 

H—Slow speed pinion gear. 

For reverse speed E, H, and F, are in mesh. 

54 0. Q. How are the change speed gears constructed differently to pro¬ 
duce different speeds? 

A. They are made ol‘ a different number of teeth, which corres4 
pond to different diameters; a'gear of less number of teeth, 
meshing with and driving its mate having a greater number of 
teeth, allows this driven gear to turn slower, and vice versa. 

541. Q. On direct drive, is there any speed reduction in the transmission? 

A. No. 

54 2. Q. Why is it necessary to throw out the clutch before changing 
speeds? 

A. See page 133. dutch. (Operation) Question 501. 

543. Q. What precaution is necessary in changing from 1st speed to 
reverse? 

A. Car should come to a full stop first. 

54 4. Q. How would you operate the levers from the seat to release the 
change speed gears that were stuck? 

A. Throw the clutch in and out, at the same time pressing firmly on 
the gear shifting lever. 

545. Q. What would be the result of running with some of the teeth 

stripped in the transmission case? 

A. The gears would be noisy and unless these gears were replaced 
extensive repairs would be necessary. 

546. Q. What might be the cause of stripped transmission gears? 

A. Generally caused by shifting gears with the clutch in or partly 
disengaged. 

54 7. Q. How are the speed shifts made, by hand or foot? 

A. By hand. 

548. Q. What is used to lock the gears in place? 

A. A pawl and rachet on the hand speed control lever, or an arrange¬ 
ment for locking the shifting rods in the gear box. 


138 


54 9. Q. Why is it necessary to lock the gears in place for the various 

speeds? 

A. Unless this was clone, clue to the vibration of the car, these 
gears would slide, the gear teeth coming into contact revolving 
at different speeds would brake the teeth, making car operation 
impossible. 

550. Q. How should gear shifts be made? 

A. Noiselessly, and quickly, but allowing a slight pause between each 
shift, allowing the car to increase or decrease its speed accord¬ 
ingly. 

551. Q. When can gear shifts be made noiselessly? 

A. When the revolving speed of the transmission shaft and counter¬ 
shaft are the same. 

55 2. Q. How can gear shifts be made noiselessly? 

A. By experience, noting the car speed where the transmission shaft 
and countershaft revolve at about the same speed. 

553. Q. Would you make a gear shift from 1st to high speed on a hill 

with engine laboring? 

A. No. 

554. Q. If climbing a hill on second speed and motor labors, what gear 

shift would you make? 

A. Change to slow or first speed. 

55 5. Q. To reduce speed going down hill, what gear shift would you 
make? 

A. Change to lower speed. 

556. Q. If you could not negotiate a hill on slow speed, with what speed 

could you probably climb it? 

A. Reverse. 

557. Q. What speed would you start on? 

A. Slow speed. 

LUBRICATION. 

558. Q. What would you put in a gear box to lubricate the gears? 

A. Best medium grade grease or heavy oil. 

559. Q. After about how many miles running should the gear box be 

cleaned and fresh grease added? 

A. About 3000 miles. 

5 6 0. Q. What should be the level of the grease in the gear box? 

A. To about the center of the transmission shaft. 

5 61. Q. Wlhat would be the cause of heating of the gear box? 

A. Bearings becoming hot, due to not enough grease, of too poor 
quality, or too light (without enough body.) 


139 




Planetary Gears. 

5G2. Q. How does the planetary gear system differ from the sliding gear 
system? 

A. In the planetary type there are no sliding gears, instead there* 
are small pinions carried on studs, the pinions in mesh with 
internal gears. All changes of speeds are accomplished by hold¬ 
ing from revolving, by means of bands, the internal gears or 
pinions. 


X 

a 

V 


s 

c 


/ 

M 

a 

u 

= 

it 


a .5 

*" -t- 

x a 
u £ 
- u 

S 4# 
it~ 

it 13 
S3 aj 

**•*< 
e 

-a a 

X •“ 



L. 


L. 

- 

i. 

= 


563. Q. What is done instead of sliding gears to get the different speeds 
in the planetary type.? 

A. The internal gear or small pinions are held from revolving by 
means of bands adjustable for wear faced with material that 
can he replaced as the excessive wear, due to friction, demantis. 

5 6 4. Q. What is the part called that holds the planetary gears for slow 
speed and reverse speed? 

A. Slow speed band and reverse speed band. 



140 




















FRICTION TYPE. 


565. 


566. 


Q. What type of transmission is there besides the sliding and plane¬ 
tary type? 

A. Friction type. 

Q. Does the friction type of transmission have more speeds than the 
sliding type? 

A. Yes. 


141 


REAR AXLE 


567. Q. 

A. 

568. Q. 

A. 

569. Q. 

A. 


570. Q. 

A. 

571. Q. 

A. 

572. Q. 

A. 

573. Q. 

A. 


574. Q. 

A. 

575. Q. 
A. 

576. Q. 

A. 

577. Q. 

A. 


Name three or more parts of the rear axle. 

Rear axle housing, rear axle shafts, rear axle differential, rear 
axle differential gear, and rear axle drive pinion gear. 

Name two types of floating rear axle. 

Semi-floating and full floating. 

What is the difference between the semi-floating and full float¬ 
ing rear axle? 

In the semi-floating type, the wheel is fastened directly to the 
axle shaft and weight of the car is carried on this axle shaft. 
In full floating type, the wheel rests and revolves on the out¬ 
side tubing, surrounding the shaft and the shaft protrudes 
past the tubing. With suitable connections between the wheel 
end of the shaft and wheel, when the shaft turns the wheel turns 
with it. 

In full floating or semi-floating rear axles is the shaft one piece 
or divided? 

Divided, making two pieces, called right and left. 

Why are axle shafts called right and left? 

To distinguish between the two pieces, as they may he of different 
lengths and also may be threaded right and left. 

Why are the rear axle shafts used? 

To turn the wheels, thereby driving the car. 

What does the term ratio, three to one, mean, as applied to rear 
axles? 

The drive pinion gear makes three complete revolutions, revolv¬ 
ing the differential gear around once or one turn of the pro- 
pellor shaft makes the rear wheels turn through one-third of 
a revolution. 

How is a broken wheel bearing discovered? 

A grinding noise would be heard as the wheel revolves. 

What would be the result of continued running on a broken rear 
wheel bearing? 

May allow the wheel to drop or axle shaft worn to such an extent 
that a new axle shaft and bearing would have to be used. 

What is used in rear axles on which the axle shafts revolve? 

Roller or ball bearings, or both. 

Troubles and Remedies. 

Why is it important to have the drive pinion and large different¬ 
ial ring gear mesh perfectly? 

If these gears do not mesli perfectly, they would cause excessive 
wear, he noisy, and the teeth would he badly worn and chipped; 
in bad cases, the teeth may be stripped, making it necessary to 
obtain new parts. 


142 



5 78. Q. How can you tell the drive pinion and differential gears are 
meshing correctly? 

A. These gears should run together silently, smoothly and easily. 

57 9. Q. How could you determine the proper adjustment on the drive 
pinion bearings? 

A. With the correct meshing of the drive gears and proper differen¬ 
tial bearing adjustment, the drive pinion should turn easily, 
without excessive looseness or binding of the bearings. 




143 








































ADJUSTING 



o 

a 

u 

= 

bl 


144 




Rear axle, showing parts assembled in the rear axle. 





























580. Q. 

A. 

581. Q. 
A. 


582. Q. 

A. 

583. Q. 

A. 

584. Q. 

A. 


585. Q. 

A. 


586. Q. 

A. 

587. Q. 

A. 


588. Q. 

A. 


Name two places where felt washers are used in rear axles. 

At the outer end of the rear axle hearings and outer end of drive 
pinion shaft bearings. 

Why are felt washers used in rear axles? 

To prevent the oil from leaking out. 

Differential. 

Where is the differential. 

In about the center of the rear axle housing. 

What is contained in the rear axle housing? 

Differential gears in the differential case. 

Why is a differential used? 

To allow the rear axle driving wheels to revolve at different 
speeds, thus allowing the outer wheel to revolve faster than the 
inner one, which is necessary as in turning corners. 

Wlhy is it necessary to allow one rear wheel to turn faster than 
another? 

Due to road conditions, turns, etc., the wheels of an automobile 
on right and left side in turning revolve at different speeds, 
in order to compensate for this condition in the rear axle 
driving members, the differential is placed, allowing one wheel 
to turn independent of the other at the same time driving the 
car. 

What part goes in the rear axle allowing the wheels to turn at 
different speeds? 

Differential. 

How could you tell that there was trouble in the differential? 

If drive pinion, bevel gear and bearings were properly adjusted, 
and a noise was heard in the rear axle, the differential gears 
are at fault. With car stationary, speed gear in neutral posi¬ 
tion, and rear axle jacked up turning either wheel by hand, 
any binding or noise in the differential may be distinguished. 



Fi&ure 41. 

Differential ease with differential gear, llevel type of spur 
pinions are enelosed in case. 

What is the name of the part which encloses the differential 
gears? 

Differential case. 


145 








589. Q. What two types of differential gears are used? 

A. Bevel and spur type. 

590. Q. Rear axle ratio four to one, differential ring gear 60 teeth, how 

many teeth should pinion gear have? 

A. Fifteen teeth. 

591. Q. If the rear axle gears have same number of teeth but different 

pitch, would they mesh? 

A. No. 



Figure 42. 

Differential ease, showing differential or ring gear and pinions. 

59 2. Q. In ordering drive pinion or differential gear from the factory, 
what description would you use? 

A. Besides price list information, give ratio and number of teeth 
number of car and type of car. 

5 9 3. Q. When do differential gears come into use? 

A. When resistance, such as road conditions, encountered by one 
wheel is greater than that encountered by the other. 

59 4. Q. In turning corners which wheel turns the faster, the inside or 
outside one? 

A. The outside one. 


595. Q. What sort of lubricant would you use in the rear axle to lubri¬ 

cate the differential gears? 

A. Medium light grade grease, or heavy grade oil. 

BRAKES. 

596. Q. Name two or more places where you would use the emergency 

brakes. 

A. On steep grades or where quick stop was necessary. 

597. Q. Name two or more places where you would use the service brake. 
A. In changing from high to a lower speed, on descending grades, 

and in coining to a stop. 


146 



59 8. Q. When would you use both service and emergency brake? 

A. In case of an emergency. 

599. Q. W hat is the part fastened to the rear wheels on which the brakes 
act? 

A. Brake drum. 



Figure 44. 

Internal expanding’ brakes. 


6 00. Q. Name two types of brakes. 

A. External or contracting and internal or expanding. 

6 01. Q. What is the difference between the contracting and expanding 


brakes? 


A. The brake bands of the contracting brakes contract over the 
brake drum, the expanding brakes act inside the brake drum 
gripping the brake drums securely. 

602. Q. What is the brake shoe? 

A. That part of the brake to which the brake lining is fastened. 

603. Q. What is the service brake? 

A. The brake operating on the rear brake drum by manipulating 
foot to the brake foot pedal. 

604. Q. What is the emergency brake? 

A. The brake operating on the rear brake drum by manipulating 
the hand brake lever. 

6 05. Q. Cars using an expanding and contracting brake on brake drum, 
which one would be the service brake? 

A. Contracting brake acting on the outside of brake drum. 


147 











606. 

607. 


608 

609 

610 

611 

612 

613 

614 

615 


Q. Is the emergency brake a hand or foot brake? 

A. Hand brake. 

Q. On what do the brakes act to retard the speed of the car? 

A. Rear wheel brake d uni. 



TOGGLE JOINT 


SERVICE BRAKE 
OPERATING LEVER 


TOGGLE 

LEVER 


REL EA SE 5PR/.NG 


ADJUSTMENT 

OIL RETAINER 


EMERGENCY BRAKE 
OPERATING LEVER 


BRAKE FLANGE 


SERVICE BRAKE BAND 

FRICTION LINING 
EMERGENCY BRAKE 


Figure 43. 

Showing service and emergency brakes operating on the same drum. 

Q. What is the brake lining? 

A. The lining used for the friction surface cf the brake. 

Q. What qualities should a good brake lining have? 

A. Should be tough and non-conductor of heat. 

Q. In using copper rivets to fasten brake linings, what is important 
to remember about the heads of the rivets? 

A. The rivets should not protrude above the lining, but should be 
counter sunk below the lining. 

Q. When should the brakes be examined? 

A. Each day before starting out. 

Q. How would you adjust the brakes? 

A. Jack up the rear wheels and bring the brake friction surfaces! 
nearer to the brake drum, but not so as to bind at any point, 
making the adjustment on each side the same. 

Q. How is the equal tension on brake drums accomplished? 

A. Ry taking up on the brake rod turn buckles. 

Q. What point is important in adjusting each brake? 

A. Make the adjustment on each side the same. 

Q. How can you tell when you have the proper brake adjustment? 

A. The brake band should not touch the brake drum, day-light? 
should appear between the band and drum. 


148 


€ 16 . 


617. 

618. 

619. 

620. 

621. 

622. 

623. 


Q. Why is it necessary to have tension on the brake drums? 

A. It the brake tensions are unequal, the brakes may take hold or 
grip the drums unevenly, causing excessive wear to the tight 
one with a loss in power, also having a tendency to cause skid¬ 
ding. 



External contracting brakes. 

Q. What advice would you give as to the proper care of brakes? 

A. Use them as little as possible, instead control the speed of the 
car by the spark and throttle, keep friction surfaces clean, free 
from oil and brake shaft bearing oil cups well filled. 

Q. What would you use to clean an oily brake lining? 

A. Gasoline. 

BRAKE CONTROL. 

Q. In descending grades, foot brake became too hot, what would 
you do? 

A. Use the emergency brake and then alternate. 

Q. Give two reasons why the brakes won’t hold. 

A. Oily or excessively worn brake lining. 

Q. In ordinary driving which brake would you use the most, hand 
or foot brake? 

A. Foot brake. 

Q. What are the names of the two parts on the hand brake lever 
used to lock the brakes? 

A. Pawl and racket. 

Q. Before the hand brake lever can be moved, what must be done? 

A. Hand brake pawl must first he released from the rachet by the 
hand. 


149 








624. Q. 

A. 

Where is the hand brake pawl and rachet? 

The pawl is a part of the hand brake lever and the rachet is a 
stationary part attached to the frame, gear case or other mem¬ 
ber on the driver’s right or left side as the case may he. 

625. Q. 

What action would the car have if the brake lining rivets ex¬ 
tended beyond the lining? 

A. 

The brakes would not hold properly. 

626. Q. 

How would you tell that you had the brake adjustment too 
tight? 


A. By jacking up the rear wheels, turning them separately by hand, 
with the brakes off; no binding should be felt. When driv¬ 
ing with the brakes binding, the car falls off in speed. 

627. Q. How would you tell wihen the brakes needed adjustment? 

A. When the brakes are applied and the speed of the car is not 


628. Q. 

materially checked. 

What part of an automobile allows the brakes to adjust them¬ 
selves so the brakes will grip equally. 


A. Brake equalizer. 


150 


FIRE AND SMOKE 


6 29. Q. How would you put a gasoline fire out? 

A. Smother it with a rug or robe, or throw sand over it, where 


630. Q. 

A. 

possible use chemical fire extinguisher. 

Would you use water on a gasoline fire? 

No. 

631. Q. 
A. 

How would you extinguish a fire in the carbureter? 

Shut off gasoline petcock, all air valves and smother with a damp 
cloth or use chemical fire extinguisher. 

SMOKE. 

632. Q. 

A. 

What is the common cause of smoke? 

Too much oil being used and bad carbureter adjustment, too 
much gasoline. 

633. Q. 

What is the cause of bad smelling black smoke in the exhaust? 


A. Using too much oil or of too poor grade and rich carbureter 



adjustment. 

634. Q. 

A. 

What is the result of too much oil? 

Heavy carbon deposit in the combustion chamber of the motor. 

635. Q. 

A. 

How is smoking prevented? 

By using good grade oil, and adjusted properly, (not too much) 
and having proper carbureter adjustment. 


151 



STEERING GEAR AND FRONT AXLE 


'N 


636. Q. Name three or more parts of the steering gear. 

A. Steering gears, steering connecting rod, steering cross or tie rod, 
and steering knuckles. 

6 37. Q. Where is the steering cross or tie rod? 

A. Placed in front or rear of the front axle parallel to it. The 
ends are connected to the arms of the steering knuckles. 


TU/RD ARM 



SPR/NG PA D K/NG BOL T 


SP/NDLE 


ADJUSTING 

CONE 


T/E ROD 


KNUCKLE 

STEER/NG 
ARM 

ADJUST/NG VOKE 


Figure 46. 

Front axle, showing steering connecting parts. 

63 8. Q. What is a steering knuckle? 

A. A strong steel forging, through the body of which is drilled a 
hole, running straight through from top to bottom. Projecting 
from the body and making an angle of about 3 degrees below 
the horizontal on which the wheel revolves an arm projects 
either to the front or rear to which is fastened one end of 
the steering cross rod. 

6 3 9. Q. Where are the steering knuckles? 

A. At each end of the front axle, held in place on each side by a 
pivot or king bolt, allowing the steering knuckles to pivot on 
this holt turning partly toward the front or real*. 

64 0. Q. In steering an automobile if you wanted to turn to the left, 

would you turn the wheel to the left or right? 

A. Left, 


6 41. Q. What is interposed between steering wheel and front wheel so 
that turning the steering wheel turns the front wheels? 

A. Reducing gears called steering gears. 

64 2. Q. Name two types of steering gear. 

A. Bevel gear type and worm type. 

643. Q. What is the difference between the reversible type using bevel 
gears and non-reversible type using worm gears? 

A. In reversible type all rod shocks are felt by the operator at the 
wheel, in non-reversible type, the shock cannot get past the 
worm gears, due to their construction. 


152 









SECTOR FRICTION SHOE SPRING 


SPARK & THROTTLE THUMB KNOBS 

SECTOR THROTTLE FRICTION SHOE 


Rl/if 

■II U 


SECTOR SPARK FRICTION SHOE 


' COLUMN SPARK ROD - 

COLUMN THROTTLE TUBE 
STATION ART TUBE - 


STEERING TUBE 


COLUMN BRASS TUBE 
OR MAST JACKET 


THRUST BEARING RACES 
THRUST BALL BEARING 
RETAINER 

RALE NUTS, R/6HT& L 


STEERING SCREW 
(i OR WORM) 


THRUST BLOCK 
YOKE ROLLER PIN 
YOKE ROLLER 
STEERING GEAR YOKE 
OR CRADLE SHAFT) 

r HPOTTLE CONTROL 
BEVEL GEAR 

Warncontrol bevel gear 


THRUST BEARING RACES -* 

THRUST BALL BEARING RETAINER 

LOADED N 

V. 


PIT THAN ARM BOLE 

PITMAN ARM 
WITH BALL -^ 

£PARK SECONDARY 
SHAFT 

\ THROTTL E SECONDARY 
x TUBE 

THROTTLE TUBE CLAMP 


/■% 


w 


HALF NUT, RIGHT-* 


STEEPING TUBE 
WITH WORM 


'gP5j 

W%<-HALPNUTL EF T 


r.v 


THRUST BLOCH 

I p3 

YOKE Wt TH 
ROLLERS AND P/NS 


PI TMAN ARM BALLS BEVEL GEAR COVER 


STEERING GEAR HOUSING 


Figure 45A. 

Steering gear, showing parts. 


SPARK & THROTTLE 
SECTOR BRACKET 

SPARK <6 THROTTLE SECTOR 


SECTOR SPARK LEVER 

SECTOR THROTTLE LEVER 


153 




































6 44. Q. What causes “lost motion’’ in steering gears? 

A. Continual wearing of the face of the gears. 

645. Q. If lost motion is suddenly found in steering while driving, what 
would you do, and what might it be? 

A. Stop and examine steering wheel to see if this part has worked 
loose on the steering post. 

64 6. Q. How is lost motion discovered? 

A. With car stationary and turning the steering wheel, the amount 
of lost motion in steering gear can be felt by hand. 

64 7. Q. If steering gear breaks, what would you do? 

A. Throw out the clutch, apply the foot and emergency brake, and 
then throw off the swich. 

64 8. Q. Why is it important to look over steering system often? 

A. The safety of the occupants depend upon the steering gear being 
in perfect working order and if the steering gear is neglected 
serious accidents may happen. 

649. Q. What would happen if steering cross or tie rod bolt on either 

side should work loose and drop out? 

A. The wheels could point in different direction independent of each 
other, from any position of both pointing in, to both pointing 
out. Unless the car was stopped quickly, a serious accident 
might result. 

650. Q. What would happen if the connecting rod, or fore and aft rod 

should break? 

A. There would be no connection between the steering wheel and 
front wheels, and unless the car was stopped quickly, a serious 
accident might result. 

6 51. Q. Why is excessive lost motion in the steering gear bad? 

A. The action of steering is slow and uncertain. 

65 2. Q. Where possible, how would you remedy the lost motion in steer¬ 

ing gears? 

A. By making an adjustment bringing the gear teeth into better 
mesh. 


154 


GEAR—CONTROL 


653. Q. When is it necessary to change gears? 

A. Under such road and traffic conditions that the speed of the car 
must be increased or decreased. 

65 4. Q. Wihy is it necessary to change gears? 

A. Because an automobile gas engine develops more power at high 
than low speed, and is therefore not flexible enough to meet all 
road and traffic conditions without changing gears to increase 
the traction effort of the rear wheels. 

655. Q. In ascending grades on high speed and motor begins to pound, 

what would you do? 

A. Retard spark lever, and if motor labors shift to a slower speed. 

656. Q. How would you know where to change gears in going up a 

grade? 

A. Oil any speed on a grade with spark retarded and throttle open, 
motor laboring, the shift must be to a lower speed or the motor 
will finally stall. 

657. Q. Name two or more parts used to change gears in the gear control 

system. 

A. Hand speed control lever, gear shifter rod, and gear shifter yoke 
or collar. 

658. Q. What two parts of control in front of the driver are used to make 

a good gear shift? 

A. Clutch and gear shifter lever. 

659. Q. If you race an engine on first speed and shift slowly to a higher 

speed, what is the result? 

A. Due in this case to the high velocity of the counter shaft, the 
shifting gear on the transmission shaft forced to intermesh with 
the high revolving countershaft gear, a clash is the result which 
may strip the teeth. 

BRAKE AND GEAR—Control. 

66 0. Q. Backing down hill and the brakes do not work, how would you 
stop? 

A. In case of such an emergency, shift to low speed quickly and if 
possible, back to one side across the road, throwing off the 
switch. 

661. Q. If the foot brake would not hold going down a hill, how would 

you stop a car? 

A. Apply the emergency brake. 

662. Q. If, in backing down hill, gears would not mesh and brakes would 

not hold, how would you stop? 

A. In this case, there is no connection between engine and rear 
wheels, and brakes net holding, back across the road. 

155 



STEER/MG W//EEL 



156 


Figure 43. 

Control, showing operating parts controlling operation of ear front seat, 








663. Q. What would you do if your brakes ran hot descending a hill? 

A. Run down on compression by turning off the current, and if 
necessary, shift to slow speed, giving the brakes a chance to 
cool. 

6 64. Q. Why is the rachet on the emergency brake used? 

A. To lock the hand control lever, thereby locking the rear wheels. 


157 


PROPELLER SHAFT, JACK SHAFT, 

CHAINS 


665. Q. 
A. 

666. Q. 
A. 

667. Q. 
A. 

668. Q. 

A. 

669. Q. 
A. 

670. Q. 
A. 

671. Q. 

A. 


672. Q. 

A. 

673. Q. 

A. 

674. Q. 

A. 


Give two methods of driving the car between the transmission 
and rear axle. 

Shaft and chain drive. 

What name is given to the revolving shaft between the trans¬ 
mission and rear axle? 

Propeller or drive shaft. 

What is a propeller shaft? 

A long shaft connecting and acting as a driving member between 
the transmission and rear axle. 

On chain drive cars, what name is given to the shafts on which 
are fastened the front sprockets? 

Jack shafts. 

Where is the differential placed on cars using chain drive? 

In connection with the jack shafts, carried with the transmission 
on the frame members. 

What is the flexible connection called between the transmission 
and rear axle? 

Universal joints. 

UNIVERSAL JOINTS. 

Why is an universal joint used in an automobile between trans¬ 
mission and rear axle? 

If a drive shaft were used having no flexible connection between 
the rear axle and transmission, due to the twisting and shearing 
forces to which this part of an automobile is subjected, the 
drive or propeller shaft and connecting parts would he sub¬ 
jected to such stresses that the drive shaft would be quickly 
broken. 

Where would you look for a universal joint in an automobile? 

Between the transmission and rear axle, at either the front or 
rear end, or both; also in some cars, between the clutch and 
transmission. 

Should a universal joint be kept well lubricated, and if so, what 
should be used? 

Yes. Steam engine oil or light grease. 

CHAINS. 

Give a disadvantage of using side driving chains which are not 
enclosed. 

The accumulation of dirt allows the chain to wear the teeth of 
the sprockets excessively. 


158 



6 75. Q. What adjustment is necessary at times for chains? 

A. J)ue to the stretching; of chains, it is necessary “to take up” on 
the chains occasionally. 

676. Q. When is it certain that chains need adjustment? 

A. ^ hen the bottom member of the chains sag excessively, noisy 
in operation and rollers tend to ride up over the teeth of the 
sprocket. 

67 7. Q. How would you thoroughly clean a roller chain? 

A. First boil in hot water, then clean the chain with a brush using 
gasoline, and soak in hot tallow or graphite grease over night. 

6 78. Q. In double side chain drive, what is important to remember when 
taking up on them? 

A. To take up on each one the same amount so that the pull on each 
side will he the same, although this difference is compensated 
to a great extent by the differential adjusting itself auto¬ 
matically until both sides pull equally. 

679. Q. If one side chain should break, how could you proceed? 

A. Lock the jack shaft sprocket on the dead side stationary, and 
drive through the good chain. 

RADIUS AND TORQUE ROD, 

680. Q. Explain a torque rod in an automobile. 

A. A long bar of pressed steel channel section, at the rear end of 
the car, about centrally between the two frame channels; one 
end fastened rigidly to the rear axle, the front end resting on 
spiral springs so placed that road shocks of the rear axle may be 
partly absorbed. It may be fastened rigidly to rear axle and 
forward cross number. 

681. Q. Wihy is the torque rod used? 

A. Due to road shocks and drive pinion turning the differential, 
the rear axle has a tendency to revolve around its axis, to 
partly absorb the shocks from the road and to prevent the 
rear axle from turning the torque rod is used. 

68 2. Q. Why is the radius rod used? 

A. To hold the rear axle in its normal position, thereby taking part 
of the driving strain from the springs. 

6 83. Q. To what two parts of the car is the radius rod fastened? 

A. The front end by a flexible joint connection to the frame; and 
to the rear axle by a collar which can partly turn on the axle 
tubing, depending upon the movement of the rear axle. 

68 4. Q. How could you determine the radius of strut rod was broken? 

A. Riding would be hard and jerky. 

WHEELS. 

685. Q. Name three or more parts of an automobile wooden artillery 
wheel. 

A. Hub, hub cap and rim, spokes, hub, and felloe. 

68 6. Q. What is a wheel hub cap? 

A. A metal cap screwing on the hub flange. 


159 


6 87. Q. Wliat would happen to the bearings, running continually with¬ 
out (hub caps? 

A. Dirt would enter the hearings and they would be cut to such an 
extent that new parts would probably be necessary. 

688. Q. Why are the hub caps used? 

A. To keej> in the bearing grease and to prevent dirt from getting 
into the bearings. 

6 89. Q. What important part do some hub caps play in full floating type 
rear axles? 

A. They prevent the rear axle shafts from coming out. 

6 9 0. Q. What is the part called in which the rear axle bearings fit? 

A. Rear axle hub. 

6 91. Q. What trouble, if continued, may happen to wooden wheels in 
starting quickly and turning corners at high speed. 

A. The spokes may become loose and wheels wobbly. 

6 9 2. Q. Should the front wheels toe in? 

A. Yes. 

69 3. Q. Why should the front wheels toe in? 

A. Makes for easier steering with a saving on tires. 

6 9 4. Q. What would be the result of the front wheels out of line? 

A. Excessive wear on the front tires. 

69 5. Q. What attention should be given wheel bearings? 

A. They should be examined from time to time for excessive play 
and wear and where possible adjustment made, and kept well 
greased. 

6 9 6. Q. How are the wheel bearings lubricated? 

A. Wheel bearings and hub caps are packed with grease, the hub 
cap screws over the wheel flange, and the bearings receive 
sufficient lubrication to last several months, before it is neces¬ 
sary to replenish the grease. 

697. Q. In adjusting axle bearings, how could you tell that you had the 
bearings too tight, running car on the road? 

A. A noticeable squeak would generally be heard. 

69 8. Q. What kind of lubricant, and after how many miles would you 
replenish it, for wheel bearings? 

A. A good, heavy grease, to be replenished about every 3,000 miles. 

WHEELS—Less Rim and Tires. 

69 9. Q. How can you prolong the life of a wheel? 

A. Starting and stopping slowly, gradually using the clutch foot 
pedal, and change gear lever judiciously, and apply the brakes 
gradually. 

7 0 0. Q. Name three or more types of body springs. 

A. Full-elliptic, three-quarter-elliptic, semi-elliptic and platform 
springs. 


160 


701. Q. 

What precaution on the road is necessary to prolong the life 
of springs? 

A. 

The car should be driven very slowly over rough places in the 
road. 

702. Q. 

What may happen to the springs driving the car at full speed 
over rough places 

A. 

The springs may break. 

703. Q. 

What happens in the continued running with the first leaf of a 
spring broken? 

A. 

All the leaves in time would break. 

704. Q. 

A. 

How would you lubricate the springs? 

The frame should be jacked up, springs thoroughly cleaned and 
graphite grease should be spread in between the leaves. 


705. Q. What is the name of the part which connects the springs to the 
frame? 

A. Spring shackles. 

7 0 6. Q. What spring parts having oil or grease cups should be well lub¬ 
ricated? 

A. Spring- bolts and shackles bolts. 

7 0 7. Q. How could you tell spring parts need lubrication? 

A. A squeak would be heard. 

708. Q. How often should spring bolts be lubricated? 

A. On starting each day. 


161 


TIRES 


709. Q. What is tire shoe? 

A. A tire shoe is the protecting part with thick rubber which takes 
the road wear and protects the inner tube. 


710. Q. What is the inner tube? 

A. The inner tube is a rubber tube of uniform thickness, fitting 
inside the shoe on the wheel, having one opening called a valve 
through which air is forced under pressure until the tire is 
said to be pumped up. 

711. Q. Give the approximate correct pressure for tires, size 34 in. by 

4 in. 

A. About 75 lbs. per square inch. 


712. Q. What is meant by tire size, 34 in. by 4 in.? 

A. Outside diameter of wheel is 34 in. diameter of tire 4 in. 


713. Q. What care should be taken of tires if oil be present? 

A. Oil should be kept away from tires, as oil acts upon the rubber. 



Figure 47. 

Showing how the tire shoe appears, «lue to careless driving and neglect. 


714. Q. How would you care for tire shoes taken from the car when 

putting the car in winter storage? 

A. The car should be jacked up, the tires thoroughly washed with 
soap and water, removed from wheels, sprinkled with soap 
stone inside and out, wrapped with cloth and stored in a per¬ 
fectly dry place of even temperature. 

715. Q. What is the proper care of inner tubes, in taking the tube out of 

the shoe, and placing them in storage? 

A. Inner tube should be carefully folded, being sure to get all con¬ 
tained air out, sprinkled with soap stone, wrapped with cloth, 
and kept in a dry place of even temperature. 

716. Q. What carelessness may cause a tire to blow out around the 

valve? 

A. Valve not being locked in place securely, friction of the rubbing 
fabric may weaken it to such an extent that a blow out may 
occur at that point. 


162 




COLD WEATHER—Procedure 


717. 

718. 

719. 

720. 

721. 

722. 

723. 

724. 

725. 

726. 


Q. Why is it harder to start in cold weather than in hot weather? 

A. In cold weather the specific gravity of gasoline is greater than 
in summer, and as it takes heat to votalize a gas, the gasoline 
extracts more heat from the air in summer than in winter 
weather. 

Q. Leaving car over night in frigid temperature, what should be 
done? 

A. If not enough alcohol is contained in the cooling system to pre¬ 
vent freezing, cooling system should he carefully drained 
through the lowest pet-cock in the system, rocking the car to 
get out all water. 

Q. What would you do to start in cold weather? 

A. Tickle or prime the carbureter and shut the air inlet valve tem¬ 
porarily. 

Q. Name three things you would do if the car would not start. 

A. See if there is gasoline in the tank and pet-cock open, see if 
the ignition switch is “ON,” tickle or prime the carbureter. 

Q. When storing the car for the winter, why is it necessary to drain 
the .pump and other parts of the cooling system? 

A. Unless the cooling system was drained, the expansion of the 
frozen ice would probably crack the parts in which the water 
froze. 

CRANKING AND STARTING. 

Q. What three precautions would you use before cranking? 

A. Throw the switch to battery and retard the spark lever, apply 
the emergency brake, put gear control lever in neutral posi¬ 
tion and going to the front of the car, pull up on the crank 
lever with the left hand. 

Q. If you should try to crank the motor with the gear lever in a 
forward position, transmission gears in mesh and brakes off, 
switch “ON” what would happen? 

A. Car would jump forward, possibly causing serious injury to the 
operator. 

Q. In starting what position should the gear lever be in? 

A. Neutral. 

Q. With the engine running, car stationary, how would you get 
car in motion? 

A. Advance the spark, press down on the foot accelerator, release 
the emergency brake, throw out the clutch and shift speed 
gear lever in low speed position and let the clutch in gradually. 

Q. In position in driver’s seat, on what speed would you start? 

A. First or slow speed. 


163 



727. Q. 


A. 


728. Q. 

A. 


729. Q. 

A. 

730. Q. 

A. 

731. Q. 

A. 


732. Q. 


A. 


733. Q. 

A. 


If you should stall your car, what would you do before crank¬ 
ing? 

Retard the spark lever, and be sure gear control lever was in 
neutral position. 

Note—Engine self-starters not considered in these questions. 

SKIDDING. 


What causes skidding? 

Caused by turning sharply on a slippery surface, or applying the 
brakes viciously under the same conditions. 

Car starts to skid on a slippery asphalt pavement, should you 
apply the brakes? 

No, not until the car is straightened out by turning front wheels 
in direction of skid. 

How is skidding prevented? 

By using chains. 

How is skidding prevented, not having chains? 

By careful slow driving and applying brakes when required, 
gradually. 

What would happen if your car skids and you suddenly apply 
the brakes? 

The car will skid worse, may cause danger to pedestrians and 
other vehicles, besides endangering yourself. 

A car has started to skid, what would you do to prevent it? 

Throw the steering wheels in the direction of the skid in an en¬ 
deavor to straighten the car out. 


164 


GENERAL QUESTIONS 


73 4. Q. What parts should be looked over frequently for safety? 

A. Examine the brakes and connections for wear, also steering gear 
and connections, see if all connections are tight; note for ex¬ 
cessive back lash in steering gear and keep all parts well 
lubricated; see if all wheel locking nuts and huh cups are 
tight; see if spring clips are tight and spring holts, and keep 
the latter well oiled. 


7 35. Q. When is it necessary to run on compression? 

A. In descending steep hills when the brakes are very hot or will 
not hold. 

736. Q. What precaution is necessary in descending steep winding hills? 
A. Proceed slowly, keeping complete control by using the brakes 

and sound the horn frequently. 

737. Q. Explain why lock nuts are used, and at least three important 

places where lock nuts are generally placed. 

A. To hold various parts of the car in the position that it was in¬ 
tended, which due to the excessive vibration, might otherwise 
come off. Steering knuckles, rear wheels, drive pinion shaft. 


73 8. Q. Explain why cotter pins are used, and name three important 
places where they are generally used. 

A. To prevent lock nuts, which back against the parts to be held in 
place, from working loose and dropping off, and thereby caus¬ 
ing possible damage and injury. Steering knuckle bolts, steer¬ 
ing cross rod bolts and rear axle shaft and front axle pivot 
nuts. 

TIRES. 

(Also see Page 16 2.) 

73 9. Q. How can a careful driver prolong the life of tires? 

A. Travel and turn corners at slow speed, keep the tires away from 
oil, not over load them, keep them pumped with air to pressure 
according to the manufacturer’s direction, travel slow over bad 
places in the road, and clean the tires after garaging, to remove 
all foreign objects clinging to the tires, keeping them away 
from oily places. 

74 0. Q. How would you patch a puncture in the inner tube? 

A. With the wheel jacked up, the tire is taken off; when the punc¬ 
ture is found, the surrounding area is thoroughly cleaned with 
gasoline and roughened with fine emery cloth. The proper 
sized patch is applied after being coated with tire cement, ap¬ 
plied over puncture, smoothed down and allowed to dry. 

741. Q. What would be the result of a long run on a fiat tire? 

A. The side of the shoe between the rim and the ground would he 
pinched and cracked to such an extent that a new shoe and 
inner tube would be necessary. 


165 



742. Q. 

A. 


Arrows 

743. Q. 

A. 

744. Q. 

A. 


745. Q. 

A. 

7 46. Q. 

A. 

747. Q. 
A. 


748. Q. 

A. 



Of the two evils, would it be better to run 
the rim? 

On the rim. 


on 


a 


flat 


tire 


or 


Figure 4S. 

shows tire, rim out, due to running; on wheel rim with a flat tire. 

What does undue wear on front tires show? 

The front wheels not in line. 


What form of anti-skid device is generally used? 

Chains. 



Figure 41). 

Tire blow-out, k1i»m n looking inside a tire shoe. 

Where and on what are anti-skid chains put? 

Aroninl the outside of the tire shoes on the two rear wheels. 

Name three types of wheel rims. 

Clincher, detachable and demountable. 

Explain the difference between the detachable and demountable 
rim? 

In a detachable wheel rim the outside ring is detachable, in a 
demountable rim the whole rim conies off. 

Why are demountable rims used? 

So that a punctured tire may be taken off and a new one put on 
easily and quickly. 


166 


749. Q. What is the proper care of wheel rims? 

A. The rims should be examined from time to time, painted when 
necessary and the rim not allowed to rust to the tire. 



Figure 50. 

Tire puncture. 

7 5 0. Q. If the rim rusts to the tire, what may this cause? 

A. Makes it very hard to get the tire off when necessary and de¬ 
teriorates the rubber. 

BODIES, TOPS. 

751. Q. Would you wash the body of your car with gasoline? 

A. No. 

75 2. Q. What liquid would you use for wmshing the body? 

A. Clear water. 

7 53. Q. How would you have the water play on the body to wash it? 

A. The water should play on the body with very little pressure. 

7 54. Q. What might happen, continually playing water from a hose under 
full pressure on the body? 

A. The dirt on the body, forced against the polished surface would 
mar it. 

755. Q. How would the heat from the sun on a very hot day affect the 
body finish? 

A. Under heated rays from the sun the finished surface may be 
dulled and possible blisters form. 

7 5 6. Q. What care should be taken in shutting the body doors? 

A. They should be always locked, and shut carefully and firmly 
and not slammed as the sudden shocks will jar and may crack 
the paint. 

757. Q. What is the proper care of automobile tops after a rain? 

A. They should be kept up until thoroughly dry. 


167 



MECHANICAL ELECTRIC 


758. Q. What are the batteries in an automobile used for? 

A. To supply the source of electrical energy to the electric motor. 

759. Q. For what is an electric motor in an electric vehicle used? 

A. To transform the electrical energy from the batteries into mechan¬ 
ical energy and by means of reducing gears (hive the vehicle. 

76 0. Q. State in order of importance, what parts of the vehicle you would 
examine before starting out. 

A. Brakes and connections, batteries and connections, motor con¬ 
nections and controller parts. 

761. Q. What should every operator of an electric vehicle do before start¬ 
ing? 

A. Test the current for weak batteries, test electric connections, and 

examine the brakes. 



Figure 52. 

Electric controller, showing handle in position for the various speeds. 

762. Q. Describe briefly what care you would take in starting your 
vehicle. 

A. From the seat, release the brakes and throw the controller slowly 
into first speed, and after the vehicle has accelerated, use the 
other speeds successively, allowing time for the current to pick 
up between each shift. 


168 



763. Q. Where does the current flow from the batteries? 

A. To the electric motor, through the controller and resistance. 

764. Q. Name two or more parts through which the current flows from 

the batteries. 

A. Load wires to controller and motor, motor field winding, brushes 
and armature. 

765. Q. Is an alternating or direct current used for charging storage 

batteries? 

A. Direct. 

7 6 6. Q. Why is the voltmeter on the dash used? 

A. To show the operator at all times the voltage (pressure) of the 
current from the batteries. 


Troubles and Remedies. 


7 6 7. Q. Locate the trouble when the power is on and car does not start. 
A. Test batteries for current, test all wire connections for loose 
terminals, test for broken wires, see if the switch is making 
gecd contact, and see if brakes have been left on carelessly. 



Figure 51. 


vlng- brushes, commutator and wire connections. 
West ingliouse Electric Motor. 


Electric motor, shewing 


768. Q. How would you test your batteries for current? 

A. Throw the switch on and note voltmeter reading on dash or by 
holding a pocket voltmeter across battery terminals voltage can 
be read off at sight. 


169 



769. Q. If one of the battery connections fell off, what would happen 
when driving? 

A. Vehicle would stop. 

77 0. Q. How would you know when your batteries would need recharg¬ 
ing? 

A. Controller in high speed notch, vehicle would fall off in speed. 

771. Q. How would you put the batteries “on charge’’? 

A. Connect battery terminals to direct current, or alternating current 
using rectifier positive to positive, and negative to negative, 
and leave in this position 8 or 12 or more hours, until no 
more bubbles can he seen arising from the liquid, or when tested 
with hydrometer, the liquid had attained the correct specific 
gravity. 



Figure 53. 

Motor used by Oieneral Electric Company in their Eleetrie Taxicab. 

7 7 2. Q. How can you injure the commutator? 

A. By allowing the brushes to wear away in one spot on the arma¬ 
ture, from neglect, thereby causing excessive sparking and in 
bad cases a machine shop operation would be necessary to 
turn the diameter of the armature down. 

773. Q. How can you prevent injury to the commutator? 

A. By keeping the commutator and brushes clean, and be sure the 
brushes make a good contact with no high or low spots in the 
brush contact surface. 

7 74. Q. If you burnt out the armature, how will this affect the running 
of the vehicle. 

A. Vehicle will stop. 

7 75. Q. How would you clean the commutator of an electric vehicle? 

A. Soft, clean rag and gasoline, and when necessary a fine emery 
cloth. 

7 76. Q. What should be done to the commutator brushes when too much 
sparking occurs? 

A. The contact surface should be filed so that they make good con¬ 
tact all around. 


170 










i i 7. Q. What care should the armature have? 

A. Armature should be kept clean, free from dirt and oil. 

*78. Q. What care does the electric motor require? 

A. Wire connections should be tight and hearings oiled occasionally. 



Figure 54. 

Fleotrie Motor Iteliostat, showing construction. 

)79. Q. Why should the controller not be left in any speed notch when 
the switch is off? 

A. The switch arm through an accident, carelessness, or mischief on 
someone’s part, getting over on the power side of the switch 
might start the vehicle. 



Figure 55. 
Electric controller. 


78 0. Q. What effect does reversing the power wfnen the vehicle is still 
running forward have upon the motor? 

A. Continued reversal of current in the car running forward will 
burn out the motor. 

781. Q. On throwing on the power, the controller became stuck and it 
could not be released, what would you do to stop the vehicle? 

A. Throw off the switch and apply the brake. 

78 2. Q. Controller in high speed notch, car runs slowly, show what? 

A. Batteries weak. 

783. Q. What precaution would you take in leaving the vehicle? 

A. Turn the speed controller arm in neutral position and throw off 
the switch and apply the brake. 


171 








DEC 8 1913 


* 


784. Q. 

A. 

785. Q. 

A. 

786. Q. 

A. 

787. Q. 
A. 

<88. Q. 

A. 


Why do electric vehicle operators throw off the power at cross¬ 
ings and corners? 

It is necessary to turn corners at reduced speed, and is a saving 
in current. 

If on receiving an electric shock while sitting in the vehicle, what 
does this indicate? 

Shows a short circuit. 

How often do you think it necessary to inspect the brakes of your 
vehicle? 

Every time before being used. 

When driving and the brakes would not hold, how would you 
stop the vehicle? 

Throw in reverse, but only in case of emergency. 

What care do driving chains need? 

They should he examined from time to time for stretch and ad-* 
justment made when necessary, kept clean and as free from 
dirt as possible, cleaned and kept lubricated with graphite 
grease when necessary. 


172 




































































































































































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